**6.1. Molecular biomarkers predicting the treatment response**

The future of cancer treatment aims for a personalized medicine, treating the patient according to his genetic and epigenetic profile, and identifying the occurrence of chemoresistance using specific markers in order to obtain maximum treatment efficiency with lower costs [74]. Heretofore, the vast majority of data regarding predictive biomarkers derive from small retrospective studies; therefore, these biomarkers cannot be used for the moment in clinical practice, outside the setting of clinical trials.
