**6. References**


To determine the optical transparency of the coatings, four samples were measured using a VIS-spectrometer and the results were compared to uncoated and grid blasted glass (see transmission spectra in Figure 7). As source the tungsten lamp of the calibration module of a Tecnar DPV-2000 was used delivering a stable spectrum covering the whole visible range. The coated samples show a high degree of transparency over the whole visible spectrum. For example in the red range below 700 nm (see marking), the relative intensity measured is maximal 1 to 3 counts lower than that of the uncoated glass. This equals to a grade of transparency of 95 to 98%. It can be stated, that both requirements regarding the electrical conductance as well as the optical transparency of the coatings systems were fulfilled. These findings show, that by suspension plasma spraying new coating systems can be realized in fields of operation, where up until now coating deposition processes like CVD and PVD are

With the adaption of shroud gas modules to the multieletrode plasma guns Triplex-II and DELTA-Gun it could be proven, that the spraying feedstock being susceptible to chemical reactions can both sprayed in inert atmospheres using argon and reactively sprayed by applying nitrogen as shrouding gas. The inert conditions led to the formation of coatings showing a homogenous microstructure comparable to conventionally APS sprayed metallic coatings. In the case of the use of nitrogen, no dense coatings could be achieved, but the presence of nitride phases in the coatings could be proven. Further on by means of suspension plasma spraying glass was coated with electrically conductive coatings reaching optical grades regarding their transparency. These efforts show that by means of plasma

The workings carried out for this contribution where funded by the German Research Foundation under the reference numbers BA 851/93-1 and SPP 1299 BA 851/94-1) and the AiF Arbeitsgemeinschaft industrieller Forschungsvereinigungen "Otto von Guericke" e.V (IGF Nos. 14.509 N and 16.411 N). This support is gratefully acknowledged by the authors.

Anderson, S. and Tilley, R. J. D. (1972). Crystallographic shear and non-stoicheiometry, in:

Andersson, S., Sundholm, A. & Magnéli, A. (1959). A Homologous Series of Mixed Titanium

and V(n)O(2n-1), Acta Chemica Scandinavica, Vol. 13 (1959), pp. 989-997 Bauser, M.; Sauer, G. and Siegert, K. (eds., 2006). Extrusion, ASM International, Ohio, second

Barbezat, G. (2006). Thermal Spray Coatings for Tribological Applications in the Automotive Industry, Advanced Engineering Materials, Vol. 8 (2006), No. 7, pp. 678–681 Bolelli, G., et al. (2009). Deposition of TiO2 Coatings: Comparison between High Velocity

The Chemical Society, London, 1972, ISBN 978-1-84755-696-7

Roberts, M. W. and Thomas, J. M. (eds.): Surface and Defect Properties of Solids,

Chromium Oxides Ti(n-2)Cr2O(2n-1) Isomorphous with the Series Ti(n)O(2n-1)

Suspension Flame Spraying (HVSFS), Atmospheric Plasma Spraying and HVOF-

used.

**4.2.4 Summary** 

spraying new coating systems can be achieved.

edition, 2006, ISBN 978-0-87170-837-3

**5. Acknowledgements** 

**6. References** 

spraying, in: *Proc. of the ITSC 2009*, 04.-07. May 2009, Las Vegas, ISBN 978-1-61503- 004-0


**7** 

*Turkey* 

**Ceramic Coating Applications and Research** 

Research for decreasing costs and consumed fuel in internal combustion engines and technological innovation studies have been continuing. Engine efficiency improvement efforts via constructional modifications are increased today; for instance, parallel to development of advanced technology ceramics, ceramic coating applications in internal combustion engines grow rapidly. To improve engine performance, fuel energy must be converted to mechanical energy at the most possible rate. Coating combustion chamber with low heat conducting ceramic materials leads to increasing temperature and pressure in internal combustion engine cylinders. Hence, an increase in engine efficiency should be

Ceramic coatings applied to diesel engine combustion chambers are aimed to reduce heat which passes from in-cylinder to engine cooling system. Engine cooling systems are planned to be removed from internal combustion engines by the development of advanced technology ceramics. One can expect that engine power can be increased and engine weight and cost can be decreased by removing cooling system elements (coolant pump, ventilator, water jackets and radiators etc.) (Gataowski, 1990; Schwarz et. al.

Initiation of the engine can be easier like shortened ignition delay in ceramic coated diesel engines due to increased temperature after compression because of low heat rejection. More silent engine operation can be obtained considering less detonation and noise causing from uncontrolled combustion. Engine can be operated at lower compression ratios due to shortened ignition delay. Thus better mechanical efficiency can be obtained and fuel

Another important topic from the view point of internal combustion engines is exhaust emissions. Increased combustion chamber temperature of ceramic coated internal combustion engines causes a decrease in soot and carbon monoxide emissions. When increased exhaust gases temperature considered, it is obvious that turbocharging and

economy can be improved (Büyükkaya et. al., 1997).

consequently total thermal efficiency of the engine is increased.

**1. Introduction** 

observed.

1993).

**Fields for Internal Combustion Engines** 

Murat Ciniviz1, Mustafa Sahir Salman2,

*1Selcuk University Technical Education Faculty, 2Gazi University Technical Education Faculty* 

Eyüb Canl1, Hüseyin Köse1 and Özgür Solmaz1

