**5. References**


Ceramic Coating Applications and Research Fields for Internal Combustion Engines 233

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**Part 4** 

**Pigment** 


**Part 4** 

234 Ceramic Coatings – Applications in Engineering

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**Pigment** 

**8** 

*1UK 2,3Iran* 

A.R. Mirhabibi

**Ceramic Coatings for Pigments** 

*1Institute for Materials Research (IMR), Leeds University,* 

*3Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)* 

*2Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Processes (IUST)* 

Special effect pigments, which can be natural or synthetic, show outstanding qualities of luster, brilliance and iridescent colour effects based upon optically thin layers [1.1–1.4]. This visual impression develops by reflection and scattering of light on thin multiple layers. In nature this is not limited to pearls and mussel shells alone; there are a multitude of birds, fish, precious stones and minerals, even insects, that demonstrate a luster effect. Experiments to understand the optical principles of natural pearl luster demonstrate that the brilliant colours are based upon structured biopolymers and upon layered structures, which are developed by biomineralization. Figure 1.1 illustrates the various optical principles of conventional pigments (A) (absorption pigments), metal effect pigments (B), and pearls (C) and pearl luster pigments (D), the most important group of special effect pigments. In the case of absorption pigments, the interaction with light is based upon absorption and/or diffuse scattering. A completely different optical behavior can be observed with the group of effect pigments including pearl luster and metal effect pigments. Metal effect pigments consist of small metal platelets (for example aluminum, titanium, copper), which operate

Pearl luster pigments simulate the luster of natural pearls. They consist of alternating transparent layers with differing refractive indices. The layers consist of CaCO3 (high refractive index) and proteins (low refractive index). This difference in refractive indices, arising equally on the interface between an air/oil film or oil film/water, is a prerequisite for the well-known iridescent colour images in these media. Small highly refractive platelets of pearl luster pigments align themselves parallel in optically thin systems such as paints, printing inks, or plastics. Interference effects develop when the distances of the various layers or the thicknesses of the platelets have the right values. Synthetic pearl luster pigments are either transparent or light-absorbing platelet shaped crystals. They can be monocrystalline, as in Pb(OH)2. 2PbCO3 and BiOCl, or possess a multi-layered structure in which the layers have differing refractive indices and light absorption properties. The use of pearls and nacreous shells for decorative purposes goes back to ancient times (e.g., in Chinese wood intarsia). The history of pearl pigments dates back to 1656, when French rosary maker Jaquin isolated a silky lustrous suspension from fish scales (pearl essence) and

like little mirrors and almost completely reflect the incident light.

applied this to small beads to create artificial pearls.

**1. Introduction** 
