**1. Introduction**

The coatings for moulds and cores represent an integral part of castings production. Basic role of ceramic coatings is to form an efficient refractory barrier between the sand substrate and liquid metal flow during the phase of casting, solidification and forming of the castings. This provides a smooth and clean surface of castings, with no adhered sand or defects due to metal penetration into the mould (lumps, dents, rough surface and alike). Dimension accuracy and surface appearance of castings depend both on metal and mould. In casting practice, sand casting technology is widely applied for castings production. Quartz sand mostly used in the composition of mould and core blends has a number of faults – low refractoriness, high heat expand coefficient, causing casting surface faults, especially when metals and alloys with high melting temperatures are concerned. Higher quality mould blends based on zircon, olivine, chromite, sinter magnesite containing much better thermalphysical properties than quartz sand are relatively less applied for their high pricing. Various additions to mould blend are used more frequently, as well application of ceramic coatings on moulds and cores. Application of higher quality ceramic coatings significantly influences either reduction or elimination of expensive cast house cleaning and machining operations for the castings, thus directly reducing production costs of a foundry.

A practice to coat sand moulds and cores in order to improve the surface quality is dated from 19th century, when so called "black coating" was applied, based on graphite, silicadioxide and chamotte dispersed in water, with molasses as a binding agent. This kind of coating is very simple, but its application was efficient at the time for improvement of the casting surface quality (Svarika 1977, Tomović 1990).

Depending on use, contemporary coatings represent mixtures of ceramic materials in a solvent with suspension agent and binding agent. Coating composition analyses show that these consist of a number of components. Ceramic coatings influence both an improvement of the existing casting methods and a development of the new ones, primarily expandable & meltable pattern casting (EPC process and precision investment casting). A completely new concept of coating development has arisen over the past decades with some producers in a form of electrostatic coating with powder, coatings based on aluminium molecular oxides in a form of fishbone and alike. Coating development should be carried out through systematic researches in order to make an optimum choice of the coating for concrete casting methods,

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made out of the quartz sand mixed with binding agent, one kind of ceramic coatings is used, while the other kind of ceramic coatings is used for metal moulds and metal cores. It includes the choice of a refractory filler, binding agent, additives and solvents in accordance with notions and processes carried out on the mould-coating-liquid metal contact surface

during the phase of inflow, cool down and solidification of castings (Tomović 1990).

**3. Physical-chemical reactions on the liquid metal-ceramic coating sand** 

In order to properly choose the ceramic coating required, it is necessary to be familiar with the phenomena related to physical-chemical and thermo-dynamic changes carried out on the liquid metal-mould boundary during the phase of inflow, cool down and solidification of castings. Basic physical and physical-chemical processes carried out on the metal-mould

Physical-chemical processes of interaction between liquid metal and mould

Metal transfer from liquid state into solid state as a result of structure solidification and

During sand casting, oxidation atmosphere prevails within the mould cavity, influencing alloy components to oxidize first; afterwards, reactions among the metal oxides and mould blend are carried out. In order to obtain a quality casting surface, it is necessary to examine the interaction between metal oxides and mould blend, as well as pore formation and mould blend maceration with metal. When liquid metal penetrates the mould pores formed under the influence of capillary forces, complex reactions of chemical nature between the mould material and liquid metal are carried out. Depending on the mould blend composition, oxidation atmosphere has different oxidation ability which depends on CO, CO2, H2 and O2 contents. Character of the oxides formed on the metal surface is determined by the ratio of individual components from the gas stage composition, as well as by specific properties of the alloy being casted. It should be stressed that chemical action of metal oxide and mould blend is also determined by oxidation of some elements out of the blend composition. Pore formation is prevented by an appropriate choice of a mould blend either not reacting with metal oxides or forming solid compounds on the liquid metal-mould contact surface. Therefore, for example, manganese steel with 13% Mn gives unsuitable casting surface during sand casting, due to active activity of MnO and SiO2. Being alloyed with aluminium, the same kind of steel does not have the faults mentioned above. It is explained by the fact that Al2O3 oxide skim with melting temperature of 2050°C together with an easily meltable eutecticum Al2O3· SiO2 with melting temperature of 1545 °C forms a layer protecting the metal from further oxidation. When carbon steels are casted in the moulds made out of mould blend, iron oxide (FeO) prevails in the metal oxide composition. At the steel casting temperature, these oxides are highly overheated (1370°C) causing their hastened activity and fluidity. Figure 1 shows a schematic of interaction between the metal oxides and mould material. Metal oxides being formed on the melt surface penetrate the pores and, reacting with quartz sand grains, form silicates of volatile compositions of (FeO)m(SiO2)n type, influencing casting surface

**mould boundary** 

contact surface are the following:

formation, and

determining castings surface properties,

The phenomenon of metal shrinkage and related notions.

types of castings and types of alloys. At the same time, all relevant quality indicators and economy indicators for the casting production should be monitored. Coating properties are strictly defined by standards; therefore, it is very important to make the right choice of coating, as well as its preparation and application in concrete foundry working conditions (Cho 1989, Cibrik 1977, Brome 1988, Davies 1996, Josipović et al. 1994).
