**2. Phylogenetic ecology**

Whenever ecological drift and loss in biodiversity of living organisms are discussed, it is generally apprehended that plants are vanishing due to overgrazing and animals are dying due to the inaccessibility of plants. But this whole globe is alive and functional on a single principle named balanced metabolic dynamics ratio between autotrophs (plants, producers) and heterotrophs (animals and microbes, consumers and decomposer) [9]. Basically, this trophic dynamics between producer and consumer within the biosphere is regulated by the transfer of energy from one part of the ecosystem to the other and even within the same ecosystem also known as energy flow in ecosystem. Except solar radiation (external source of energy), all the other energy systems are recycled and balance the dynamics of trophic level followed by complex metabolic mechanisms within the biosphere [10].

Drafting the origin of plant, their functional types and phylogenetic/evolutionary patterns are the most needed steps to timely track and record the drifts and risks to the ecosystem and biosphere [11–14]. As the current dynamics, composition and distribution of plants are altered thence, elaborating and redefining the relationship of plants with the factors encompassing them had led the flora and environment on the verge of endangerment are also expatiated, and many successful solutions to indemnify these issues are contributed by the scientists. Sustaining to this several concepts such as phylogeny, phenology, phytosociology, physiology, and anatomy of plants were used for modeling and surveying [15].

Terrestrial vegetation plays a phenomenal role in management of landscape and hydrological regime. Also the climatic change can be ameliorated by them as they could better regulate biogeological water cycle and sequestrate carbon cycle [16]. The provision of protection against water resources by surface runoff leading toward flood attenuation, aquifer recharging, sea water leveling, water table leveling and fresh water management. Increase in temperature, variation in precipitation, and extreme events have potentially manifested the natural conversational and agricultural management regimes including an indirect risk that was constrained for social and human livelihoods [16, 17]. Although most of the commotion was inflicted due to water regime mismanagement, actually the fraction has been completed by burning practice, by grazing, or by harvesting hay/fodder (directly and indirectly, respectively). Such climatic changes and management conflict of water and vegetation regimes grounded the grasslands toward threats which were also highlighted by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2014 in their report [18]. Hence, the study of plant ecology is a fountainhead step toward the investigation of cause and solution of biological metabolism and their functioning in the biosphere.
