**Author details**

is grasslands that are ubiquitous as compared to other biomes; tropical rainforest covers only 6% of the world, but they have the richest biodiversity; however, the hottest biome is desert with the minimal biodiversity; in contrast the coldest biome is alpine forest merely with considerable biodiversity [5]. Specifically, the plant populations have dominantly occupied this globe; according to an estimation, 99.9% area of planet earth is covered with flora [6]. About 350,000 species of plants excluding ferns, bryophytes, and algae are known and documented yet. Among them approximately 20% are under the risk of endangerment [7]. The risk of endangerment or extinction due to natural and unnatural disasters has disturbed the whole

Whenever ecological drift and loss in biodiversity of living organisms are discussed, it is generally apprehended that plants are vanishing due to overgrazing and animals are dying due to the inaccessibility of plants. But this whole globe is alive and functional on a single principle named balanced metabolic dynamics ratio between autotrophs (plants, producers) and heterotrophs (animals and microbes, consumers and decomposer) [9]. Basically, this trophic dynamics between producer and consumer within the biosphere is regulated by the transfer of energy from one part of the ecosystem to the other and even within the same ecosystem also known as energy flow in ecosystem. Except solar radiation (external source of energy), all the other energy systems are recycled and balance the dynamics of trophic level followed

Drafting the origin of plant, their functional types and phylogenetic/evolutionary patterns are the most needed steps to timely track and record the drifts and risks to the ecosystem and biosphere [11–14]. As the current dynamics, composition and distribution of plants are altered thence, elaborating and redefining the relationship of plants with the factors encompassing them had led the flora and environment on the verge of endangerment are also expatiated, and many successful solutions to indemnify these issues are contributed by the scientists. Sustaining to this several concepts such as phylogeny, phenology, phytosociology, physiol-

Terrestrial vegetation plays a phenomenal role in management of landscape and hydrological regime. Also the climatic change can be ameliorated by them as they could better regulate biogeological water cycle and sequestrate carbon cycle [16]. The provision of protection against water resources by surface runoff leading toward flood attenuation, aquifer recharging, sea water leveling, water table leveling and fresh water management. Increase in temperature, variation in precipitation, and extreme events have potentially manifested the natural conversational and agricultural management regimes including an indirect risk that was constrained for social and human livelihoods [16, 17]. Although most of the commotion was inflicted due to water regime mismanagement, actually the fraction has been completed by burning practice, by grazing, or by harvesting hay/fodder (directly and indirectly, respectively). Such climatic changes and management conflict of water and vegetation regimes grounded the grasslands

food chain and web and is continually pushing toward the worst conditions [8].

by complex metabolic mechanisms within the biosphere [10].

ogy, and anatomy of plants were used for modeling and surveying [15].

**2. Phylogenetic ecology**

4 Plant Ecology - Traditional Approaches to Recent Trends

Zubaida Yousaf\* and Habiba Ramazan

\*Address all correspondence to: z4zubaida@yahoo.com

Lahore College for Women University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
