**3.2. Conceptual framework for the study**

A synthesis of literature and theories led to the development of a conceptual model for the study as shown in **Figure 2**. The model emphasizes the pivotal role that ecological and socioeconomic factors play in the utilization of plant resources. The relationships in the model are complex but linear. As shown in **Figure 2**, the level of TEK and utilization of plant resources are not arbitrary but instead, specific factors determine where, who, when and how plant resources are utilized by varied cultural identities, resulting into either sustainable or unsustainable utilization of plant resources and/or land management.
