Contents

#### **Preface XI**



#### **Section 6 Development in Clinical Prognosis and Diagnosis of Sepsis 91**

#### Chapter 6 **Clinical Assays in Sepsis: Prognosis, Diagnosis, Outcomes, and the Genetic Basis of Sepsis 93** Alice Georgia Vassiliou, Stylianos E. Orfanos and Anastasia Kotanidou

Chapter 7 **In Vivo Imaging of Septic Encephalopathy 131** Yukio Imamura, Yuki Murakami, Naoya Matsumoto, Hisatake Matsumoto, Satoko Mitani, Kentaro Shimizu, Hiroshi Ogura, Takeshi Shimazu and Takashi Jin

## Preface

**Section 6 Development in Clinical Prognosis and Diagnosis**

**the Genetic Basis of Sepsis 93**

Takeshi Shimazu and Takashi Jin

Chapter 7 **In Vivo Imaging of Septic Encephalopathy 131**

Chapter 6 **Clinical Assays in Sepsis: Prognosis, Diagnosis, Outcomes, and**

Alice Georgia Vassiliou, Stylianos E. Orfanos and Anastasia

Yukio Imamura, Yuki Murakami, Naoya Matsumoto, Hisatake Matsumoto, Satoko Mitani, Kentaro Shimizu, Hiroshi Ogura,

**of Sepsis 91**

**VI** Contents

Kotanidou

Sepsis is a quintessential medical problem for physicians, intensive care unit (ICU) special‐ ist, as well as biomedical researchers including microbiologists, immunologists, and phar‐ macologists involved in care and management of patients with sepsis and development of techniques for its early diagnosis, pathogenesis, and potential therapeutic targets. Study of sepsis in itself leads to the development of a different branch of medicine/medical sciences, as it can be seen in a wide variety of hosts from neonates to old-age population. Also, it can originate from different causes of the infection that is Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Additionally, like other branches of science, the field of sepsis has also kept changing, for example, as per the Third International Consensus Defi‐ nitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3) in 2016, the term systemic inflammatory re‐ sponse syndrome (SIRS) has been omitted from sepsis, and the term sepsis is now defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection sys‐ temically. Additionally, for clinical operationalization, Sequential [sepsis-related] Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score has now been introduced in 2016. Thus, this book is de‐ signed to keep its readers up to date in the continuously developing field of sepsis. Each section will prove helpful to students and researchers interested in the field of sepsis re‐ search. I hope this first edition of the book entitled *Sepsis* will convey its dynamism to its readers with chapters including metabolic interaction between pathogen and host during sepsis pathogenesis, age dependency in sepsis in pathogenesis, acute kidney injury in sepsis, and kallistatin-mediated immunoregulatory mechanism during sepsis along with develop‐ ments in early diagnostic techniques for sepsis and sepsis-associated encephalitis. The field of sepsis research is continuously developing and changing very fast with the scientific ad‐ vancement. Each chapter is written by an expert in the field, but, in some areas, there may be differences of opinion expressed by equally established authors. I will ask the readers to take this in note and follow the development and advancement in the sepsis research on both clinical and basic science levels.

#### **Vijay Kumar, PhD**

Research Fellow Children's Health Clinical Unit, Queensland Faculty of Medicine University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland, Australia

**Metabolic Interaction Between Pathogen and Host During Sepsis**
