**3.1. Computational Anthropology**

Computer science is an extremely abstract, intellectually challenging field, because programming technologies operate with very abstract and codified representations for the surrounding reality. For this reason, especially in the initial stages, interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary research projects involving computer science are faced with certain difficulties, especially concerning the transposition into an abstract representation specific to computer science, the

These difficulties occurring in research activities constitute another reason for teaching computer science discipline, at all levels of education, in an interdisciplinary manner. Through teaching computer science in an interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary manner, on one hand the future specialist in computer science will have early formed the necessary skills to conduct a dialogue with specialists belonging to other scientific fields, and on the other hand, for specialists from different scientific fields (physics, chemistry, biochemistry, medicine), com-

Another important issue is that in the era of Big Data, characterized by huge databases in all fields of science (medicine, genetics, sociology, anthropology) collected through most various channels, one of the most challenging scientific work is to identify patterns and consistent ele-

Big Data technology development determined that currently some of of the most increasingly used computing applications and algorithms, used today by researchers in most fields of sci-

In the scientific literature, it is defined the activity of Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD) as "the process of identifying valid, novel, potentially useful and ultimately understandable patterns in data" [5]. The most powerful tool used for Knowledge Discovery in Databases, Data Mining represents "a collection of methods of data analysis coming from

Taking into account that, as we noted above, computer science is deeply involved in all current sciences, it is considered that "interdisciplinary computer science is becoming the norm" [6]. They are science or scientific results, which could not exist in the absence of computer science. An example of this is the genomic sequencing, a remarkably successful genetics result, which

In other sciences, like the aerospace sciences or exo-meteorology, they could not exist as scientific fields itself in the absence of computer science, because both in the collection of scientific data and in the processing thereof are being used computer systems and devices coordinated

How we have mentioned above, the development of computer science has an huge impact upon the evolution of other science fields (chemistry, biochemistry, physics) and the emergence of new sciences such as Computational Social Science, Synthetic Biology, Quantum

different fields of computer science, artificial intelligence and statistics" [5].

would not be achieved in the absence of tools provided by computer science [6].

by computer systems (space probes, spatial robots, artificial satellites).

experimental reality belonging to a different scientific field.

puter science will no longer be a stranger and abstract area.

ments of knowledge in large databases.

142 Science Education - Research and New Technologies

ence, are those dedicated for Data Mining.

**3. Science evolution and emergence**

Computational Anthropology is emerging from a multitude of sciences: Computer Science, Anthropology, Sociology and Geographic Information Science.

The main objective of this new emerged science is the study how patterns of human behavior change over time and space [7].

The scientists in Computational Anthropology are analyzing data collected from social networks and geolocation systems in order to provide new insights regarding the nature of human society [7].

In the last decade, the increasing availability of big data generated by mobile phones and location-based applications has triggered a revolution in the understanding of human mobility patterns. Using specific algorithms for data mining, simulation and prognosis, one can be identified patterns regarding travel around the world, and very important for the health systems from all countries, one can be made forecasts on the spread of diseases and epidemics [7].

In the scientists in Computational Anthropology opinion, "there is considerable interest in looking more closely at human mobility patterns to see just how well it can be predicted and how these predictions might be used in everything from disease control and city planning to traffic forecasting and location-based advertising" [7].

#### **3.2. Computational Ecology**

Computational Ecology is another new emerged sciences, based on computer science and ecology.

Computational Ecology is using numerical models and computer simulations in researches regarding dynamics of populations and systems. There are studied tendencies and specificities for a better understanding and prognosis in areas such as fisheries, forestry, agriculture, climate change and evolutionary ecology [8].

Ecosystems are living systems that are formed and evolves in years, decades, hundreds or thousands of years. Consequently, experiments in the classical conception of scientific experiment in order to understand the dynamics and evolution of ecosystems are difficult or even impossible to carry out.

Computing Ecology through powerful research tools provided by mathematical models and computer aided simulations, software systems able to analyze large amounts of data gathered in situ, enables understanding of phenomena and processes occurring and enables elaborating predictions regarding the evolution of ecosystems.

This newly emerged science is of great importance in the heavily industrialized contemporary society, where the ecological disasters caused by various agents have become very common.
