**7. Conclusions**

**Class Order Family Genus / species Common** 

Monocot Alismatales Alismataceae *Sagittaria* 

154 Herbicide Resistance in Weeds and Crops

Monocot Commelinales Commelinaceae *Commelina* 

Monocot Commelinales Pontederiaceae *Heteranthera* 

Monocot Poales Cyperaceae *Fimbristyllis* 

**name**

Giant arrowhead

Benghal dayflower

Kidney leaf mud plantain

*Avena fatua* Wild oat Aveia

sandbur

grass

cupgrass

*Chloris elata* Tall windmill

Monocot Poales Poaceae *Cynodon dactylon* Vilfa stellata Grama-seda Sugarcane,

Monocot Poales Poaceae *Echinochha spp* Barnyardgrass Capim arroz Maize, Rice

*montevidensis*

*benghalensis*

*reniformis*

*miliacea*

Monocot Poales Poaceae *Brachiaria spp*. Alexandergrass Capim-

Monocot Poales Poaceae *Digitayia spp*. Sourgrass Capim

Monocot Poales Poaceae *Eleusine indica* Goosegrass Capim

Monocot Poales Poaceae *Eriochloa punctata* Louisiana

Monocot Poales Poaceae *Cenchrus echinatus* Southern

Monocot Poales Poaceae *Avena sativa* Wild oat Aveia Wheat Monocot Poales Poaceae *Avena strigosa* Wild oat Aveia Wheat

Monocot Poales Cyperaceae *Cyperns spp*. Sedges Ciperáceas Cassava,

**Common name (PT)**

Chapéu-decouro

Fringerush Cuminho Rice

marmelada

Capimcarrapicho

Capim-branco

amargoso

pé-de-galinha

Capim-devárzea

Trapoeraba Cotton,

Aguapé Rice

**Main crops**

Eucaliptus, Cassava

Sugarcane, Citrus, Rice

Sugarcane, Citrus, Cassava, Maize, Soybean, Wheat, Rice

Cotton, Citrus, Cassava

Citrus

Citrus, Eucaliptus, Cassava, Soybean, Cotton, Maize, Rice

Cotton, Sugarcane, Citrus, Maize, Rice

Rice

Rice

Most weed species with resistant biotypes in the reference countries seem to be native to their continent. The most important botanical families with resistant biotypes in the reference countries were also among the first ones to appear in the respective countries. There was predominance of C3 species over C4 in the number of plant species with resistant biotypes in the reference countries. In Brazil, three orders (Gentianales, Lamiales, and Solanales) are considered as high risk, besides the six already present. Furthermore, eight botanical families present superior risk to evolve resistance, and for five of them (Caryophyllaceae, Polygonaceae, Rubiaceae, Convolvulaceae and Solanaceae) resistance cases have not been reported to date in Brazil.
