**5. Conclusion**

NMC is as an effective preventive health measure. The medical benefits of NMC outweigh the risks, especially after the effect on HIV prevention has been added. Nevertheless, NMC has not been used to its full potential due to controversies and concerns over the subject. Many issues need to be addressed, if NMC is to be implemented as a public health measure. Implementation of NMC shall vary according to the local context. Parents should be informed about the benefits and risks of NMC where the service is available so that they can decide whether their children should be circumcised. NMC is and will be a health intervention under debate in the years to come.

[7] Srithanaviboonchai K, Grimes RM. Why Thailand should consider promoting neonatal circumcision? The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health.

Update on Neonatal Male Circumcision: A Public Health Perspective

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.71948

183

[8] Srithanaviboonchai K, Grimes RM, Suwanteerankul J, Thaikla K, Korana J, Pruenglampoo B. Capability of Thailand to implement newborn male circumcision: A nation-wide survey.

[9] Pruenglampoo BSK, Grimes RM, Grimes DE, Suwanteerangkul J, et al. Perception, concern and acceptability of neonatal male circumcision among postpartum mothers in

[10] Srithanaviboonchai K, Pruenglampoo B, Thaikla K, Srirak N, Suwanteerangkul J, Khorana J, et al. Thai health care provider knowledge of neonatal male circumcision in reducing

[11] Little CM. Female genital circumcision: Medical and cultural considerations. Journal of

[12] World Health Organization. Female Genital Mutilation [Internet]. 2017. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs241/en/ [Accessed:2017-09-11]

[13] Morris BJ, Wamai RG, Henebeng EB, Tobian AA, Klausner JD, Banerjee J, et al. Estimation of country-specific and global prevalence of male circumcision. Population

[14] Darby R. The masturbation taboo and the rise of routine male circumcision: A review of

[15] Pang MG, Kim DS. Extraordinarily high rates of male circumcision in South Korea:

[16] Circumcision Information and Resorce Pages. Normal development of the prepuce: Birth through age 18 [Internet]. 2008. Available from: http://www.cirp.org/library/normal/

[18] McGregor TB, Pike JG, Leonard MP. Pathologic and physiologic phimosis: Approach to the phimotic foreskin. Canadian Family Physician Medecin de Famille Canadien.

[19] Morris BJ, Krieger JN. Penile inflammatory skin disorders and the preventive role of

[20] Edwards S. Balanitis and balanoposthitis: A review. Genitourinary Medicine. 1996;**72**(3):

[21] Kalra S, Chawla A. Diabetes and balanoposthitis. JPMA—The Journal of the Pakistan

circumcision. International Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2017;**8**:32

the historiography. Journal of Social History. 2003;**36**(3):737-757

History and underlying causes. BJU International. 2002;**89**(1):48-54

[17] Shahid SK. Phimosis in children. ISRN Urology. 2012;**2012**:707329

Medical Association. 2016;**66**(8):1039-1041

transmission of HIV and other STIs. BMC Health Services Research. 2015;**15**:520

Thailand. Journal of AIDS & Clinical Research. 2015;**6**(487)

2012;**43**(5):1218-1226

AIDS Care. 2014;**26**(1):20-25

Cultural Diversity. 2003;**10**(1):30-34

Health Metrics. 2016;**14**:4

[Accessed:2017-09-11]

2007;**53**(3):445-448

155-159
