Contents

#### **Preface XIII**


Contents VII

Chapter 19 **The Immobilized Lipases in Biodiesel Production 397**  Margarita Stoytcheva, Gisela Montero,

Ana Aurelia Chirvase, Luminita Tcacenco,

Chapter 21 **Adsorption in Biodiesel Refining - A Review 427** 

Nicoleta Radu and Irina Lupescu

Chapter 20 **Progress in Vegetable Oils** 

Lydia Toscano, Velizar Gochev and Benjamin Valdez

Carlos Vera, Mariana Busto, Juan Yori, Gerardo Torres, Debora Manuale, Sergio Canavese and Jorge Sepúlveda

**Enzymatic Transesterification to Biodiesel - Case Study 411** 

#### **Part 2 Biodiesel Production Methods 227**


Chapter 19 **The Immobilized Lipases in Biodiesel Production 397**  Margarita Stoytcheva, Gisela Montero, Lydia Toscano, Velizar Gochev and Benjamin Valdez

VI Contents

Chapter 9 **Advantages and Challenges of** 

Melinda J. Griffiths, Reay G. Dicks,

**Part 2 Biodiesel Production Methods 227** 

Chapter 11 **Production of Biodiesel** 

Chapter 13 **Alternative Methods for** 

Chapter 15 **Gas-Liquid Process,** 

**Microalgae as a Source of Oil for Biodiesel 177**

László Kótai, János Szépvölgyi, János Bozi, István Gács, Szabolcs Bálint, Ágnes Gömöry, András Angyal, János Balogh, Zhibin Li, Moutong Chen, Chen Wang and Baiquan Chen

**for an Increased Productivity of Biofuel and Bioenergy 201** 

**via In-Situ Supercritical Methanol Transesterification 229** Asnida Yanti Ani, Mohd Azlan Mohd Ishak and Khudzir Ismail

Christine Richardson and Susan T. L. Harrison

Chapter 10 **An Integrated Waste-Free Biomass Utilization System** 

Chapter 12 **Transesterification in Supercritical Conditions 247**

**Fatty Acid Alkyl-Esters Production:** 

Chapter 14 **Transesterification by Reactive Distillation**

**Thermodynamic Characteristics** 

Chapter 16 **Biodiesel Production with Solid Catalysts 339** 

Chapter 17 **Heterogeneous Catalysts Based on H3PW12O40**

**Avenue for Castor Oil Biodiesel:** 

Feng Guo and Zhen Fang

Marcio Jose da Silva,

Chapter 18 **An Alternative Eco-Friendly**

Amrit Goswami

Paula Mazo, Gloria Restrepo and Luis Rios

Somkiat Ngamprasertsith and Ruengwit Sawangkeaw

**Microwaves, Radio-Frequency and Ultrasound 269** 

**for Synthesis and Characterization of Biodiesel 289** 

**On-Road Bus Trial of a Proven NOx Less Biodiesel 317**  Kandukalpatti Chinnaraj Velappan and Nagarajan Vedaraman

**Heteropolyacid for Free Fatty Acids Esterification 359** 

Aline Mendes de Andrade and Manuel Gonzalo Hernandez Terrones

Abiney Lemos Cardoso, Fernanda de Lima Menezes,

**Use of Solid Supported Acidic Salt Catalyst 379** 

G.B.Shinde, V.S.Sapkal, R.S.Sapkal and N.B.Raut

**(19 Blends), Efficiency & Environmental Impacts, SEM Particulate Matter Analysis and** 


Preface

The increasing demand for energy worldwide, together with the depletion of crude oil reserves, environmental threats due to greenhouse gas emissions and new national and international legislation, is resulting in the imperative for petroleum-derived fuels to be complemented or substituted by biofuels. Such an alternative, renewable,

The book "Biodiesel: Feedstocks and Processing Technologies" is intended to provide a professional look on the recent achievements and emerging trends in biodiesel

The first book section: "Feedstocks for Biodiesel Production" covers issues associated with the utilization of cost effective non-edible raw materials and wastes, and the development of biomass feedstock with physical and chemical properties that facilitate it processing to biodiesel. Chapter 1 is focused on the possible use of *Brassicaceae* spp., namely *B.juncea* in biodiesel production, and demonstrates the sustainability of an agronomic rotation between *Brassicacea* and *nicotiana tabacum* to produce vegetable oil from marginal soils. Chapter 2 comments on waste cooking oils transesterification to produce biodiesel, identifying the main types of cooking oils and supplying production process details. The generation of animal fat wastes in Brazil, their characterization and use for biodiesel synthesis is summarized in Chapter 3. The current knowledge advances in oleaginous fungi metabolism, physiology, and strain improvement are discussed in Chapter 4. Oleaginous fungi, and particularly yeasts, are considered as very efficient in the accumulation of intracellular triacylglycerols and it is expected that they will be exploited by the biofuel industry in the future. In continuation of the topic, Chapters 5-9 provide an overview on the various aspects of the use of microalgae as a source of oil for biodiesel, focusing on: a description of algae and their properties with regards to oil production, requirements and key factors in microalgal cultivation, methods and challenges in harvesting and processing of algal biomass, economic and environmental feasibility of microalgal biodiesel, mechanisms to enhance lipid productivity of microalgae, and future research directions. Finally, Chapter 10 discusses the implementation of an integrated waste-free biomass

biodegradable and nontoxic biofuel is biodiesel.

production. It includes 21 chapters, organized in two sections.

utilization system for an increased productivity of biofuel and bioenergy.
