**6. References**

18 Biodiesel – Feedstocks and Processing Technologies

of the project SUSBIOFUEL). Further work will be necessary to improve the setting up of the agronomic proposal. Winter sowing of *B.carinata* will be done in the next years and alternative promising patented variety of tobacco (selected for seed production)5 are currently under test. The authors are also evaluating the proposed rotation in comparison with commercial pellets6 of defatted Brassicaceae meal. In addition, more outcomes are attended: yield grains7, evaluation of the weed control potential of *B. juncea* and survival

The flexibility of Brassicaceae (efficient green manure and/or oil crop) allows using these species with a dual aim according to the situation, thus increasing the sustainability of the system. On the other hand new tobacco varieties promise yields above the best rape harvests around Europe. Under this light tobacco is a really interesting alternative oil crop especially in countries like Italy where it has been cultivated since a long time and Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) for this crop have long been known: all points in favour to the conversion of tobacco cultivation toward oil seeds production. To give a more comprehensive evaluation of innovations introduced in the whole biodiesel production

rate of transplanted *N.tabacum* plantlets following the green manuring or not.

chain, the authors aim to develop a method able to assess biodiesel sustainability.

or low biodiversity value marginal lands to this kind of ecologically-friendly practices.

biodiesel as it produces methyl esters.

5 Kindly supplied by Sunchem Holding S.r.l.

6 Biofence by Triumph Italia S.p.a.

thinking approach.

increase of the reaction rate.

The authors are aware that their proposal alone does not solve the overall sustainability problem of biodiesel production, but it contributes significantly to a wider portfolio of landuse strategy, stimulating the call for innovations both in technology and emissions reduction measures. Food production from marginal soils would worsen soil depletion and nematodes infestation. The restoring of soil fertility avoiding the chemicals usage, and in the mean time the generation of income from vegetable oils, assure the ethical, economical and environmental sustainability of the solution. Policy strategies will be needed to increasingly shift abandoned

From the chemical point of view, the high concentration of FFA contained in these raw materials (waste or alternative crops) leading to the formation of soaps during the final transesterification step can be easily overcome by performing a pre-esterification reaction. This treatment allows lowering the acid content of the raw material below the limit required by the biodiesel standard, so avoiding also the formation of soaps during the transesterification stage. The FFA esterification is also helpful in increasing the final yield in

Oilseeds of Brassica juncea, Nicotiana tabacum, rapeseed, palm, soybean and sunflower have been successfully deacidified with esterification reaction. Waste cooking oil (WCO) itself does not represent a good potential raw material for biodiesel production due to its properties which hardly match the required standards. Nevertheless it is possible to exploit this kind of feedstock by its use in blends with other oils characterized by a lower viscosity. The authors have successfully deacidified blend of WCO and rapessed oil, also obtaining an

Two acid ion exchange resins have been selected as catalysts: Amberlyst®46 (Dow Advanced Materials) and Purolite® D5081 (Purolite). Both these resins gave satisfactory results in the studied reaction. D5081 resulted to me more active than A46, being able to give the

7 This kind of data is necessary to express results in terms of functional unit as required by a life cycle

maximum of conversion in shorter times than A46, other conditions being equal.


Non Edible Oils: Raw Materials for Sustainable Biodiesel 21

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**2** 

*Colombia* 

**Biodiesel Production from** 

Carlos A. Guerrero F., Andrés Guerrero-Romero and Fabio E. Sierra

Biodiesel refers to all kinds of alternative fuels derived from vegetable oils or animal fats. The prefix bio refers to renewable and biological nature, in contrast to the traditional diesel derived from petroleum; while the diesel fuel refers to its use on diesel engines. Biodiesel is produced from the triglycerides conversion in the oils such as those obtained from palm oil, soybean, rapeseed, sunflower and castor oil, in methyl or ethyl esters by transesterification way. In this process the three chains of fatty acids of each triglyceride molecule reacts with

The ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials Standard) describes the biodiesel as esters monoalkyl of fatty acids of long chain that are produced from vegetable oil, animal fat

Biodiesel has the same properties of diesel used as fuel for cars, trucks, etc. This may be mixed in any proportion with the diesel from the oil refined. It is not necessary to make any

"The use of pure biodiesel can be designated as B100 or blended with fuel diesel, designated as BXX, where XX represents the percentage of biodiesel in the blend. The most common ratio is B20 which represents a 20% biodiesel and 80% diesel"(Arbeláez & Rivera, 2007 pp 4). Colombia in South America, is taking advantage of the opportunities that biofuels will open to the agriculture. With more than a million liters a day, Colombia is the second largest producer of ethanol in Latin America, after Brazil. This has decongested the domestic market of sugar at more than 500 thousand tons. The result is strong revenue for the 300,000 people who derive their livelihood from the production of

In Colombia the biodiesel is produced from the palm oil and methanol, "being the last imported to meet the demand in the biodiesel production". In the past two years, the biodiesel production from Palm was between 300000 liters/day to 965000 liters per day,

In the biodiesel production is technically possible to use methanol and ethanol alcohol

The palm oil is one of oilseeds trade more productive on the planet; it is removed between six and ten times more oil than the other as soy, rapeseed and sunflower. Colombia has more than 300,000 hectares planted in Palm oil, generating permanent and stable

distributed in four plants located in the Atlantic coast and in the country center.

an alcohol in the presence of a catalyst to obtain ethyl or methyl esters.

or waste cooking oils in a chemical reaction known as transesterification.

modifications to the engines in order to use this fuel.

**1. Introduction** 

panela (from sugar cane).

(Cujia & Bula, 2010. pp 106).

employment for more than 90,000 people.

**Waste Cooking Oil** 

*National University of Colombia,* 

