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**13** 

*Colombia* 

**Alternative Methods for** 

Paula Mazo, Gloria Restrepo and Luis Rios

**Fatty Acid Alkyl-Esters Production:** 

*Universidad de Antioquia. Grupo Procesos Fisicoquímicos Aplicados* 

**Microwaves, Radio-Frequency and Ultrasound** 

Biodiesel production is a very modern and technological area for researchers due to the relevance that it is winning every day because of the increase in the petroleum price and the

Biodiesel is a mixture of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids, is an alternative fuel made from renewable sources as vegetable oils and animal fats. It is biodegradable, nontoxic, show low emission profiles and also is beneficial environmentally. (Fangrui and

Biodiesel is quite similar to petroleum-derived diesel in its main characteristics such as cetane number, energy content, viscosity, and phase changes. Biodiesel contains no petroleum products, but it is compatible with conventional diesel and can be blended in any proportion with fossil-based diesel to create a stable biodiesel blend. Therefore, biodiesel has become one of the most common biofuels in the world (Lin et al., 2011). There are four primary techniques for biodiesel production: direct use and blending of raw oils, micro-

Direct use of vegetable oil and animal fats as combustible fuel is not suitable due to their high kinematic viscosity and low volatility. Furthermore, its long term use posed serious problems such as deposition, ring sticking and injector chocking in engine. Microemulsions with alcohols have been prepared to overcome the problem of high viscosity of vegetable oils. Another alternative way to produce biodiesel is through thermal cracking or pyrolysis. However, this process is rather complicated to operate and produce side products that have not commercial value. The most commonly used method for biodiesel production is transesterification (also known as alcoholysis) reaction in presence of a catalyst. Transesterification is the process of exchanging the alkoxy group of an ester compound with

Esterification is the sub category of trans-esterification. This requires two reactants, carboxylic acids (fatty acids) and alcohols. Esterification reactions are acid-catalyzed and proceed slowly in the absence of strong acids such as sulfuric, phosphoric, sulfonic-organic

The fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) are more used because of its facility of production, however, presents operating problems at low temperatures for its high content of saturated

emulsions, thermal cracking and trans-esterification (Siddiquee and Rohani, 2011).

**1. Introduction** 

Milford, 1999).

environmental advantages (Mustafa, 2011).

another alcohol (Lam et al., 2010).

acids and hydrochloric acid (Vyas et al., 2010).

