**6. References**

282 Biodiesel – Feedstocks and Processing Technologies

Fig. 3. Detailed scheme of the system for biodiesel production (Cintas et al., 2010).

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Most reports are aimed to the obtaining of biofuels of first-generation. However, these methodologies of synthesis are directed to the obtaining of fuels of second and third generation to promote sustainable chemistry and the use of renewable raw materials that

The coupling of biotechnological processes with these new technologies would allow the

improvement of existing processes, reducing time and increasing the production.

**4.3 Optimization production biodiesel under ultrasound** 

process parameters are determined. (Mahamuni et al., 2010).

**5. Future development** 

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**14** 

*1,2,3India 4Oman* 

**Transesterification by Reactive Distillation for** 

Rising world fuel prices, the growing demand for energy, and concerns about global warming are the key factors driving renewed interest in renewable energy sources and in bioenergy. Nowadays, the world energy demand has increased significantly due to the global industrialization and increase of population. As a result, the current limited reservoirs will soon be depleted at the current rate of consumption. So, the research in energy focuses on finding an alternative source of energy to the petroleum derived diesel. India imported about 2/3rd of its petroleum requirement last year, which involved a cost of approximately Rs. 80,000 crores in foreign exchange. Even 5% replacement of petroleum fuel by bio-fuel can help India and save Rs. 4000 corers per year in foreign exchange. It is utmost important that the options for substitution of petroleum fuels be explored to control this import bill. Biodiesel is a suitable substitute for petroleum-derived diesel. It is biodegradable, almost sulfur less and a renewable fuel, though still not produced by environmentally friendly routes. This alternative fuel consists of methyl or ethyl esters, a result of either transesterification of triglycerides (TG) or esterification of free fatty acids (FFAs). Biodiesel fuel has become more attractive because of its environmental benefits, due to the fact that plants and vegetable oils and animal fats are renewable biomass sources. Currently, most of the biodiesel comes up from transesterification of edible resources such as animal fats, vegetable oils, and even waste cooking oils, under alkaline catalysis conditions. However, the high consumption of catalysts, the formation of soaps, and the low yields, make biodiesel currently more expensive than petroleum-derived fuel. In addition, the plants from which the vegetable oils are produced capture more CO2 from the

atmosphere than the amount that these oils release during their combustion [1].

major production of biodiesel is done with the base catalyzed reaction process.

The three basic routes to biodiesel production from oils and fats are Base catalyzed transesterification of the oil, Direct acid catalyzed transesterification of the oil and conversion of the oil to its fatty acids and then to biodiesel. Out of these three routes the

**1. Introduction** 

**Synthesis and Characterization of Biodiesel** 

G.B.Shinde1, V.S.Sapkal2, R.S.Sapkal3 and N.B.Raut4

*4Faculty of Engineering, Sohar University, Sultanate of Oman,* 

*Sir Visvesvaraya Institute of Technology, Nashik, M.S., 2Sant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, M.S.,* 

*3University Department of Chemical Technology, Sant Gadgebaba Amravati University, Amravati, M.S.,* 

*1Department of Chemical Engineering,* 

