**13. The problems related with algae**

Most problems with marine microalgae cultures are related to predation by various types of protozoans (e.g. zooflagellates, ciliates, and rhizopods). Other problem is the blooming of unwanted or toxic species such as the blue-green algae or dinoflagellates (red tides) that can result in high toxicity for consumers and even for humans. Examples are the massive development of green chlorococcalean algae, such as Synechocystis in freshwater, and also the development of Phaeodactylum in seawater that is undesirable for bivalve molluscs. [De Pauw *et al*., 1984].

#### **14. Other application of algae**

Algae have mainly been used in west countries as raw material to extract alginates (from brown algae) and agar and carragenates (from red algae). Moreover, algae also contain multitude of bioactive compounds (phenolic compounds, alkaloids, plant acids, terpenoids and glycosides) that might have antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, anticarcinogenic, etc. properties. (Plaza, *et al*., 2008).

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**Microalgae as Feedstocks** 

Jin Liu1, Junchao Huang2,3 and Feng Chen3,4 *1Department of Applied Sciences and Mathematics, Arizona State University, Polytechnic Campus, Mesa, 2Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences,* 

*3School of Biological Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 4Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering,* 

Fossil-based fuels including oil, coal and gas play a pivotal role in modern world energy market. These fossil fuels, according to world energy outlook 2007, will remain the major sources of energy and are expected to meet about 84% of energy demand in 2030. However, fossil fuels are non-renewable and will be finally diminished. It has been recently estimated that the global oil, coal and gas last only approximately for 35, 100 and 37 years respectively, based on a modified Klass model (Shafiee & Topal, 2009). In order to sustain a stable energy supply in the future, it is necessary to develop other sources of energy, e.g., renewable energy. Renewable energy is derived from natural processes that are replenished constantly, including hydropower, wind power, solar energy, geothermal energy, biodiesel, etc. An estimated \$150 billion was invested in renewable energy worldwide in 2009, around 2.5

It is well known that transport is almost totally dependent on petroleum-based fuels, which will be depleted within 40 years. An alternative fuel to petrodiesel must be technically feasible, easily available, economically competitive, and environmentally acceptable (Demirbas, 2008). Biodiesel is such a candidate fuel for powering the transport vehicles. Biodiesel refers to a biomass-based diesel fuel consisting of long-chain alkyl (methyl, propyl or ethyl) esters. In addition to being comparable to petrodiesel in most technical aspects,

1. derived from renewable domestic resources, thus reducing dependence on and

Like petrodiesel, biodiesel operates in compression ignition engines. Biodiesel is miscible with petrodiesel in all ratios. Currently, the blends of biodiesel and petrodiesel instead of net biodiesel have been widely used in many countries and no engine modification is

biodiesel has the following distinct advantages over petrodiesel (Knothe, 2005a):

2. biodegradable and reduced exhaust emissions, being environment-friendly;

3. higher flash point, being safer for handling and storage; and

**1. Introduction** 

times of the 2006 investment (Figure 1).

preserving petroleum;

4. excellent lubricity.

**for Biodiesel Production** 

*Peking University, Beijing,* 

*1USA 2,3,4China* 

Wang, B.; Li, Y.; Wu, N.; Lan, CQ. (2008). CO2 bio-mitigation using microalgae. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 79(5):707–18. **7** 

Jin Liu1, Junchao Huang2,3 and Feng Chen3,4

*1Department of Applied Sciences and Mathematics, Arizona State University, Polytechnic Campus, Mesa, 2Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3School of Biological Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 4Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 1USA 2,3,4China* 
