**2.1.2 Pests**

26 Biodiesel – Feedstocks and Processing Technologies

been necessary to create a way to recover this oil and reuse it. Also due to the wear and tear resulting in sewer pipes may cause overflows of the system, "generating diseases that can cause mild stomach cramps to diseases potentially fatal, such as cholera, infectious hepatitis and gastroenteritis, due to the sewage contains water which can transport bacteria, viruses, parasites, intestinal worms and molds" (Peisch. Consulted: http://www.seagrantpr.org/catalog/files/fact\_sheets/54-aguas-usadas-de-PR.PDF). The dangerous odors generate impact negatively on health, "is formed hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which can cause irritation of the respiratory tract, skin infections, headaches and eye irritation" (Peisch. Consulted: http://www.seagrantpr.org/ catalog/files/fact\_sheets/54-

Among the alternatives as a vegetal raw material to extract the oil are: oil palm, soybean,

Palm oil is retrieved from the mesocarp of the Palm fruit, this oil is regarded as the second most widely produced only surpassed by the soybean oil. The oil palm is a tropical plant characteristic of warmer climates that grows below 500 meters above sea level. "Its origin is located in the Guinea Gulf in West Africa." "Hence its scientific name, Elaeis guineensis Jacq and its popular name: African oil palm" (FEDEPALMA. Consulted:

Colombia is the largest producer of palm oil in Latin America and the fourth in the world. "The extracted oil from the palm contains a relationship 1:1 between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, is also a major source of natural antioxidants as tocopherols, tocotrienols and carotenes"(FEDEPALMA. Consulted: http://www.fedepalma.org/ palma.htm). It has been proven that Palm oil is natural source vitamin E, in the form of tocopherols and tocotrienols. The tocotrienol act as protectors against cells aging, arthrosclerosis, cancer and some neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. Unrefined palm oil is the richest in beta-carotene natural source; its consumption has proved to be very useful for preventing and treating the deficiency of vitamin A in risk

The oil palm presents fruit by thousands, spherical, ovoid or elongates, to form compact clusters of between 10 and 40 kilograms of weight. Inside, they kept a single seed, almonds or palmist, to protect with the fart, a woody endocarp, surrounded in turn by a fleshy pulp. Both, pulp and almond oil generously provide. The productive life of the oil palm can be most of fifty years, but from the twentieth or twenty-five the stem reaches a height that hinders the work of harvest and marks the beginning of the renewal in commercial plantations. 25 to 28 °C on average monthly temperatures are favorable, if the minimum average temperature is below 21 °C. Temperatures of 15 °C stop the growth of the seedlings from greenhouse and decrease the performance of adult palms. Between 1,800 and 2,200 mm precipitation is optimal, if it is well distributed in every month. Like the coconut palm, the palm oil is favored by deep, loose and well drained soils. A superficial phreatic level limits the development and nutrition of roots. In general, the

aguas-usadas-de-PR.PDF).

**2. Types of cooking oil** 

**2.1 Palm oil**

populations.

**2.1.1 Characteristics of plant** 

sesame, cotton, corn, canola, sunflower and olives.

http://www.fedepalma.org/palma.htm).

The major pest of palm oil and its damage are:


### **2.2 Rapeseed or canola oil**

Rapeseed is a "specie oilseed in the cruciferous family. Many of the species of this family have been cultivated since long time ago that their roots, stems, flowers and seeds are edible" (Iriarte, Consulted: http://www.inta.gov.ar/ediciones/idia/oleaginosa /colza01.pdf). Ideally grows in climates that go from temperate to slightly cold and wet (minimum of 0 °C and maximum of 40 °C). When the seeds of rapeseed are crushed we can obtain oil and a kind of pulp or prized residue from always to feed livestock, since that gives a 34% protein and 15% crude fiber. The biodegradable properties of rapeseed or canola oil make it ideal to be used on the basis of paints, herbicides, lubricants, food packaging, etc.
