**1. Introduction**

200 Biodiesel – Feedstocks and Processing Technologies

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> The increase in production and utilization of biomass and other renewable sources of energy are important challenges of the energy industry. It generates, however, demands for ecologically and economically acceptable production systems. Here we report an integrated system of known and new technologies developed for biomass conversion to biofuels. This includes classical and biobutanol based new biodiesels, biogas and electricity production, and an agricultural production system involving fertilization with the ash of the biomass power plants. Basically, three types of agricultural production system are needed for the agricultural segment of the integrated system, namely:

A – plants for combustion in biomass power plants (energy grass)

B – plants for production of vegetable oils for biodiesel production

C – plants for conversion of sugar derivatives to price alcohols, mainly butanol as a diesel fuel source

Depending on the climate, the soil type, the agricultural experiences, and the type of the plants (A,B,C), the produced biomass materials can fulfill more than one requirement as it can be seen in Fig. 1. Depending on the constituents of the biomass (cellulose, starch, lignin, oil, proteins), the energy production can be performed via direct combustion or, after digestion in biogas systems, by using the biogas. The biomass power plants, biogas combustion plants/engines produce hot water, steam and electricity. In plants type B soybean, rape, sunflower or likes are pressed to obtain the oil, while the pressing cake can be used as optimal raw material for biogas plants due to its high protein content, while the

János Szépvölgyi1,6, János Bozi1, István Gács1, Szabolcs Bálint2, Ágnes Gömöry2, András Angyal3,

János Balogh4, Zhibin Li5, Moutong Chen5, Chen Wang5 and Baiquan Chen5 *1 Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Chemical Research Center,* 

*Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary,* 

*<sup>2</sup> Institute of Structural Chemistry, Chemical Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary,* 

*<sup>3</sup> Axial-Chem Ltd., Hungary,* 

*<sup>4</sup> Kemobil Co., Hungary,* 

*<sup>5</sup> China New Energy Co., China,* 

*<sup>6</sup> Research Institute of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Pannonia, Hungary.* 

An Integrated Waste-Free Biomass Utilization

EtOH Ethylene

n-BuOH Propylene

Acetone Propylene

production related to one hectare of the agricultural area.

recyclability.

System for an Increased Productivity of Biofuel and Bioenergy 203

The review of the energy inputs required for the production of the raw materials like corn, switchgrass or sunflower, or the cost of the biofuel production form these agricultural materials (Pimental and Petzek, 2005) unambiguously show, that the climate (crop amount), type of the agricultural plant and the type of the processing technologies basically determines the feasibility of an energy positive biofuel production. The energy saving in the production of the various biofuel components from various sources is compared to the production costs related to petrochemical raw materials (Arlie, 1983) is given in Table 1. Selection of the biomass produced and the fuel type prepared from this biomass requires that environmental, economic and energetic viewpoints (Hill et al., 2006) should also be taken into consideration. The social-economic viewpoints play also key role in this decision. That is obvious, that there is not any type of biomass plant which could completely be turned into biofuel, only integrated systems can solve this problem, when more than one type of biomass plants are in synchronized operation. More than one energy producing system is used to utilize the various type of green biomass, and more than one type of biofuel are produced from the various parts of each type of biomass plants. At the same time the energy producing plants or the waste producing and nutrient reprocessing plant (fertilizer plant) can use the wastes of each technological step as raw material to ensure the

**Product Petrochemical source Biomass Energy gain**  MeOH Natural gas Wood 0.60

Table 1. Energy gain of sugar-based biofuel components (ton of oil equivalent/ton)

Since the energetically favorable components as BuOH, EtOH and acetone can be produced from biomass the use of these in biofuel including biodiesel production seems to be essential and unavoidable step. The EU biofuel standards now declare that rapeseed oil and ethanol as raw materials are permitted and standardized as biofuels within European Community. Due to the limits of the agricultural area and the productivity of rape in this climate and low energy content of ethanol, however, requires changing this statement and the use of other type of biofuels should be also permitted. Thus, in our integrated system we incorporate new type of blend materials, mainly butanol for replacing the ethanol, and new kind of blends are produced from the wastes of biodiesel and biobutanol production as well. In order to increase the amount of biodiesel produced from one unit of vegetable oil, butyl ester production is suggested instead of the methyl esters, and butoxylation or blending with pure butanol are also possible increments in increasing the efficiency of the biofuel

Sugarcane 0.73 Artichoke 0.88 Corn 0.65

Sugarcane 0.10 Artichoke 0.75 Wheat straw 0.80

Sugarcane 0.80 Artichoke 1.45 Wheat straw 1.51

stalk can also be used as solid fuel (after drying with the low heating value warm water) in biomass power plants. Generally, the green biomass can be utilized in biogas plant and the dried ones as solid combustion fuel in power plants. The residues of the sugar derivatives producing plants (sugar sorghum, corn, etc.) can supply a biomass power plant with their dried stalk. The complete waste processing in these energy producing units and recirculation of other wastes (potassium sulfate, calcium sulfate or biomass power plant ash) of the integrated system as fertilizers into the agriculture contribute to a sustainable biomass production and fuel production, as well.
