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**Part 2** 

**Biodiesel Production Methods** 


**Part 2** 

**Biodiesel Production Methods** 

226 Biodiesel – Feedstocks and Processing Technologies

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**11** 

*Malaysia* 

**Production of Biodiesel via In-Situ** 

*Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis,* 

**Supercritical Methanol Transesterification** 

Asnida Yanti Ani, Mohd Azlan Mohd Ishak and Khudzir Ismail *Fossil & Biomass Energy Research Group, Fuel Combustion Research Laboratory,* 

Most energy that the world is using is derived from unrenewable fossil fuel that has a great impact on environments (Warabi et al., 2004). The demand of fossil fuels is increasing very rapidly and it is estimated that the remaining world reserves will be exhausted by the year 2020, with the current rate of consumption. There is an urgent need to seek for an alternative fuels to substitute the diesel due to gradual depletion of world crude oil reserves. Research is, therefore oriented for alternative energy. Biomass is one of its candidates, because biomass energy has some advantageous in reproduction, cyclic and carbon neutral properties (Warabi et al., 2004). Biodiesel fuel is one example of biomass energy, and it is generally made of methyl esters of fatty acids produced by the transesterification reaction of triglycerides with methanol with the help of a catalyst (Clark et al., 1984). Alcoholysis of vegetable oils produces fatty acids alkyl esters that are excellent substitutes for conventional fossil diesel fuels (Selmi and Thomas, 1998; De et al., 1999). The viscosity of alkyl esters is nearly twice that of diesel fuel instead of 10–20 times as in the case of neat vegetable oil (Rathore and Madras, 2007). The use of such edible oil to produce biodiesel is not feasible in view of big gap in the demand and supply of such oils in the country for dietary consumption. Increased pressure to augment the production of edible oils has also put limitations on the use of these oils for production of biodiesel (Sinha et al., 2008). Therefore, biodiesel is actually competing limited land availability with the food industry for the same oil crop. Thus, instead of arable land being utilized to grow food, it is now being used to grow fuel. This will then raise the price of edible oil making the biodiesel produced economically unfeasible as compared to petroleum-derived diesel. In order to overcome this issue, many researchers have begun searching for cheaper and non-edible oils to be used as alternative feedstock for biodiesel production (Kansedo et al., 2009). Few sources have been identified such as waste cooking oil (Wang et al., 2006; Chen et al., 2009) and oils from non-edible oil-producing plants such as *Jatropha curcas* (Heller, 1996; Herrera et al., 2006; Tiwari et al., 2007; Berchmans and Hirata, 2008; Chew, 2009), *Pongamia pinnata* (Meher et al., 2006; Naik et al., 2008; Pradhan et al., 2008), *Calophyllum inophyllum* (Sahoo et al., 2007), cottonseed (Demirbas, 2008; Qian et al., 2008; Rashid et al., 2009), rubber seeds (Ikwuagwu et al., 2000; Ramadhas et al., 2005) and tobacco seeds (Usta, 2005; Veljkovic et al., 2006). Obviously, developing nations have to focus their attention on oils of non-edible nature, which are cheaper (Sinha et al., 2008). In Malaysia, *Jatropha curcas* L. (JCL), could be utilized as a source for production of oil and can

be grown in large scale on non-cropped marginal lands and waste lands.

**1. Introduction** 
