**7. References**

Abdullah, A.Z.; Salamatinia, B.; Mootabadi, H.& Bhatia, S. (2009). Current status and policies on biodiesel industry in Malaysia as the world's leading producer of palm oil. *Energy Policy*, 37, 5440-5448.

the quality of biodiesel (Knothe, 2008, 2009). Oleic acid is converted to linoleic acid (C18:2) in a single desaturation step, catalyzed by a Δ12 desaturase enzyme encoded by the *FAD2* gene. Inactivation of this desaturation step can greatly increase the proportion of oleic acid in soybean and may represent a possible strategy for elevated accumulation of oleic acid in

Genetic engineering can also be used potentially to improve tolerance of algae to stress factors such as temperature, salinity and pH. These improved attributes will allow for the cost reduction in algal biomass production and be beneficial for growing selected algae under extreme conditions that limit the proliferation of invasive species. Photoinhibition is another technical challenge to be addressed by genetic engineering. When the light intensities exceed the value for maximum photosynthetic efficiency, algae show photoinhibition, a common phenomenon for phototrophy under which the growth rate slows down. Engineered algae with a higher threshold of light inhibition will significantly

Engineering algae for biodiesel production is currently still in its infancy. Significant advances have only been achieved in the genetic manipulation of some model algae. It is likely that many of these advances can be extended to industrially important algal species in the future, making it possible to use modified algae as cell factories for commercial biodiesel production. Nevertheless, many challenges yet remain open and should be addressed before

Microalgae have the potential for the production of profitable biodiesel that can eventually replace petroleum based fuel. Algal-biodiesel production, however, is still too expensive to be commercialized as no algal strains are available possessing all the advantages for achieving high yields of oil via the economical open pond culturing system. Current studies are still limited to the selection of ideal microalgal species, optimization of mass cultivation, biomass harvest and oil extraction processes, which contribute to high costs of biodiesel production from microalgae. Future cost-saving efforts for algal-biofuel production should focus on the production technology of oil-rich algae via enhancing algal biology (in terms of biomass yield and oil content) and culture-system engineering coupled with advanced genetic engineering strategies and utilization of wastes. In addition to oils, microalgae also contain large amounts of proteins, carbohydrates, and other nutrients or bioactive compounds that can be potentially used as feeds, foods and pharmaceuticals. Integrating the production of such co-products with biodiesel is an appealing way to lowering the cost of

This work was supported by a grant from Seed-Funding Programme for Basic Research of

Abdullah, A.Z.; Salamatinia, B.; Mootabadi, H.& Bhatia, S. (2009). Current status and

policies on biodiesel industry in Malaysia as the world's leading producer of palm

algae.

improve the economics of biodiesel production.

profitable algal biodiesel become possible.

**5. Conclusion and perspectives** 

algal-biofuel production.

**6. Acknowledgment** 

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**8** 

*1Ireland 2,3India* 

**Eco-Physiological Barriers** 

*Organisation, Leh (Jammu and Kashmir),* 

**and Technological Advances for** 

*C306 Aras de Brun, National University of Ireland Galway, 2Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University, Assam,* 

**Biodiesel Production from Microalgae** 

*1Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Botany and Plant Science,* 

Simrat Kaur1, Mohan C. Kalita2, Ravi B. Srivastava3 and Charles Spillane1

The combination of diminishing fossil fuel reserves (peak oil) and increasing prices of diesel provide a challenge to the majority of nations in terms of national energy security and ensuring sustainable energy supplies. Such pressing challenges have provided the impetus for an acceleration of renewable energy research to identify novel and innovative liquid biofuels for the future (IEA 2011). Any such liquid biofuels from renewable resources will need to have a lower environmental footprint than fossil fuel derived liquid biofuels in order to meet key sustainability criteria (Nuffield 2011). The most abundant available natural renewable resource on planet earth is solar energy. Photosynthetic organisms such as plants, algae (macro- and micro-algae) and some bacteria have been selected through evolution to convert solar energy to storable forms of energy. Such photosynthetic organisms can constitute a renewable resource which can effectively harvest and convert solar energy to a variety of energy-dense biofuels. In the case of microalgae, at least US\$ 300 million has been committed to facilitate phycology research on bioprospecting microalgal diversity and evaluation of the feasibility of different microalgal species and strains for biofuels production (Sheehan et al., 1998). The use of oil crops such as palm, soy, and oilseed rape as feedstocks for biodiesel production has provided the basis for the first generation of biofuels. However, the cultivation of plants on arable land for biofuel production can compete with the use of the same land for food and animal feed production – the so called "food vs fuel" land-use competition dilemma. In addition, biofuel crops also have significant water and nutrient requirements which can adversely affect their sustainability when Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) is conducting across their value chain. For instance, microalgal production systems reliant on dwindling freshwater supplies will face sustainability problems if they are scaled up (Wigmosta et al., 2011). As a result microalgal systems based on saltwater or waste water are likely to be more sustainable. One approach being pursued for circumventing the 'food vs fuel' dilemma associated with first generation

**1. Introduction** 

*3Defence Institute of High Altitude Research, Defence Research & Development* 

mass cultivation in a low-cost photobioreactor. *Biotechnology and Bioengneering*, 102, 100-112.

