**4.13 Comparison of Brake Power and O2**

O2 decreased with increase of brake bower, graphical representaion is shown in Fig 22. Deviations (5-10%) were found for RBOBD and its blends. At maximum load, O2 (6.5) in B50 was less (25%) than O2 (9.1) of diesel.

Fig. 22. Comparison of brake power and Oxygen

#### **4.14 Comparison of Brake Power and sound**

Sound or noise increased with increase of load, graphical representaion is shown in Fig 23. Sound values of RBOBD and its blends are found lower (15-30%) than the sound values of diesel throughout the brake power. Within comparison of RBOBD and its blends, there was not much change in sound in all the loads. The minimum decrease (13.6%) was observed at the minimum load, and the maximum decrease (30%) at the maximum load (3.78 kW). At the higher load, sound reduction (21-30%) for RBOBD and all of its blends compared to diesel.

Gas-Liquid Process, Thermodynamic Characteristics (19 Blends),

particle size in the smoke of RBOBD is less than 0.5 m.

**4.15 Comparison of SEM image** 

**5. Conclusions** 

*Bolero, Hyundai Acent etc.* 

**6. Acknowledgements** 

on-road trials in buses.

modification.

Efficiency & Environmental Impacts, SEM Particulate Matter Analysis… 337

During the engine trails, smoke was collected in the white filter paper. Few samples at the maximum load were taken for SEM analysis at different resolutions. SEM shows much reduction in the particulate matter in the biodiesel as compared to diesel (Fig. 24). The

This is most ambitious and successful technology development initiative for alternative energy options, which is the important global agenda, and will be good for the environment. These are the key component for energy security and have positive economic, social and environmental impacts. The conventional fossil fuel energy sources are the major cause of climatic changes, this biodiesel leads to minimize the emission to the environment and sustainable society. The biodiesel production with this technology may cut fossil fuel imports and dependency and thus, free up funds that can be invested in social and economic development. This is the process innovation for the less NOx emitting Biodiesel. An international Patent has been filed through the Intellectual Property Management Division of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi in the year 2003. *(Ref No. IMPD. 0290 NF 2003, PCT / IB 03/ 05349 (21.11.2003, US & JP 20050108927 and World Intellectual Property Organization-WO/2005/052103 )., Patent granted Firest in Singapore, Patent Number 119411 on 31st May 2006 and then Australia , patent Number-2003282270 and Sri Lanka Patent Number - 13950*. In India, this is the first technological breakthrough in On-Road trials fuelled with biodiesel were successfully carried out in state government metropolitan Transport corporation (MTC) buses more than 26000 km without any engine modifications. There are 15% increases in the KMPL found after the trials. The MTC bus trials prove that this Biodiesel is substitute for diesel in the real conditions. On-Road trials fuelled with 100% Biodiesel (free biodiesel samples) by owner-driven in different vehicle models, namely, *Toyota Qualis, Mitsubishi Lancer,* 

RBOBD was obtained by the optimized process conditions of transesterification and purification. RBOBD (> 150 l) is produced in Bench-Scale Parr reactor. RBOBD showed 15% increase in SFC, 25% increase in BTE, less exhaust gas temperature, 12% increase in FCT, more ITE and ME, 60% reduction in HC, more than 75% reduction in CO, minimum of 10% reduction in NOx and 30 % sound reduction. The combustion of RBOBD and its blends are found to be lesser pollutants than compared to diesel. SEM shows reduction of particulate matter and the size of the solid particle is less than 0.5 m. This study proves that RBOBD is environment friendly alternate fuel for diesel without any engine

Author acknowledges Director, Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai, for all support and Director, Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun for the support provided for all the fuel properties analysis. The efforts of Dr Nagarajan, Anna University, Chennai for engine trails are highly acknowledged. The author acknowledges The Managing Director and other officials of MTC, Government of Tamil Nadu for their support provided for the successful

Fig. 23. Comparison of brake power and sound

Fig. 24. Comparison of Scanning Electron Microscope Image (SEM) of Diesel and RBOBD
