**1. Introduction**

22 Biodiesel – Feedstocks and Processing Technologies

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Biodiesel refers to all kinds of alternative fuels derived from vegetable oils or animal fats. The prefix bio refers to renewable and biological nature, in contrast to the traditional diesel derived from petroleum; while the diesel fuel refers to its use on diesel engines. Biodiesel is produced from the triglycerides conversion in the oils such as those obtained from palm oil, soybean, rapeseed, sunflower and castor oil, in methyl or ethyl esters by transesterification way. In this process the three chains of fatty acids of each triglyceride molecule reacts with an alcohol in the presence of a catalyst to obtain ethyl or methyl esters.

The ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials Standard) describes the biodiesel as esters monoalkyl of fatty acids of long chain that are produced from vegetable oil, animal fat or waste cooking oils in a chemical reaction known as transesterification.

Biodiesel has the same properties of diesel used as fuel for cars, trucks, etc. This may be mixed in any proportion with the diesel from the oil refined. It is not necessary to make any modifications to the engines in order to use this fuel.

"The use of pure biodiesel can be designated as B100 or blended with fuel diesel, designated as BXX, where XX represents the percentage of biodiesel in the blend. The most common ratio is B20 which represents a 20% biodiesel and 80% diesel"(Arbeláez & Rivera, 2007 pp 4). Colombia in South America, is taking advantage of the opportunities that biofuels will open to the agriculture. With more than a million liters a day, Colombia is the second largest producer of ethanol in Latin America, after Brazil. This has decongested the domestic market of sugar at more than 500 thousand tons. The result is strong revenue for the 300,000 people who derive their livelihood from the production of panela (from sugar cane).

In Colombia the biodiesel is produced from the palm oil and methanol, "being the last imported to meet the demand in the biodiesel production". In the past two years, the biodiesel production from Palm was between 300000 liters/day to 965000 liters per day, distributed in four plants located in the Atlantic coast and in the country center.

In the biodiesel production is technically possible to use methanol and ethanol alcohol (Cujia & Bula, 2010. pp 106).

The palm oil is one of oilseeds trade more productive on the planet; it is removed between six and ten times more oil than the other as soy, rapeseed and sunflower. Colombia has more than 300,000 hectares planted in Palm oil, generating permanent and stable employment for more than 90,000 people.

Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil 25

**FEATURES UNIT LIMITS TEST METHOD Minimum Maximum** 

Density a 15°C Kg/m2 860 900 EN ISO 3675 EN ISO

12185

EN ISO 20884

Ester content %(m/m) 96.5 - EN 14103

Viscosity a 40°C Mm2/g 3.50 5.00 EN ISO 3104 Flash point °C 120 - Pr EN ISO 3679 Sulfur content mg/kg - 10.0 PrEN ISO 20846 pr

distilled residue) % (m/m) - 0.30 EN ISO 10370 Cetane index 51.0 EN ISO 5165 Sulphated ash content % (m/m) - 0.02 ISO 3987 Water content mg/kg - 500 EN ISO 12937 Total contamination mg/kg - 24 EN 12662

at 50°C) Classification Class 1 EN ISO 2160 Oxidation stability 110°C Hours 6.0 EN 14122 Acid index mg KOH/g 0.50 EN 14111

acid %(m/m) 12.0 EN 14103

Methanol content %(m/m) 0.20 EN 14110 Monoglycerides content %(m/m) 0.80 EN 14105 Diglycerides content %(m/m) 0.20 EN 14105 Triglycerides content %(m/m) 0.20 EN 14105

Total glycerin %(m/m) 0.25 EN 14105

Metals of group 2 (Ca+Mg) mg/kg 5.0 PrEN 14538 Phosphorus content mg/kg 10.0 EN 14107

**1.1 Environmental problems for disposing used cooking oil** 

contamination with the dumping of these oils to the main water sources.

%(m/m) 1

Free glycerin %(m/m) 0.20 EN 14105 EN 14105

Metals of group 1 (Na+K) mg/kg 5.0 EN 14108 EN 14109

Used cooking oil causes severe environmental problems, "a liter of oil poured into a water course can pollute up to 1000 tanks of 500 liters". It's feasible to demonstrate the

The oil which reaches the water sources increases its organic pollution load, to form layers on the water surface to prevent the oxygen exchange and alters the ecosystem. The dumping of the oil also causes problems in the pipes drain obstructing them and creating odors and increasing the cost of wastewater treatment. For this reason, has

100 g 140 EN 14103

Carbon residue ( in 10% of

Cooper band corrosion (3 h

Methyl ester of linoleic

methylpoli-unsaturated (>

Table 2. ASTM Features

Methyl esters of

= 4 double bonds)

Iodine index g de iodine/

The biodiesel advantages are that it is a renewable and biodegradable biofuel; it produces less harmful emissions to the environment than those that produce fossil fuels. Specifically the Palm biodiesel pure or mixed with diesel fuel reduces the emissions of CO2, nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate material. Table 1, shows the world production of vegetable oils.


Table 1. World production of vegetable oils, 2008/2009**. (**Source: "Oilseeds: World markets and trade". FAS-USDA, October 2008**)**

The estimated consumption of diesel in the world at the end of the year 2005 was 960 billion liters. On the other hand, the production of biodiesel during the same year was 4.2 billion liters (Figure 1). For example, assuming that 2% of diesel was replaced with biodiesel, it would mean an increase of 15 billion liters in the biodiesel global production. This amount of biodiesel has other impacts, including overproduction of glycerin, the use of more land, etc.

Fig. 1. World production of biodiesel (Source: National Federation of Oil Palm Growers (FEDEPALMA)).

ASTM has specified different fuel tests needed to ensure their proper functioning. Table 2, lists the specifications established for biodiesel and the corresponding test method.

The biodiesel advantages are that it is a renewable and biodegradable biofuel; it produces less harmful emissions to the environment than those that produce fossil fuels. Specifically the Palm biodiesel pure or mixed with diesel fuel reduces the emissions of CO2, nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate material. Table 1, shows the world production

**OILS MILLION TONS** 

Palm oil (fruit) 43.20 Soy oil 38.11 Rapeseed oil 19.38 Sunflower oil 11.45 Cotton oil 4.94 Palm oil (seed) 5.10 Peanut oil 4.93 Coconut oil 3.62 Olive oil 2.97 Table 1. World production of vegetable oils, 2008/2009**. (**Source: "Oilseeds: World markets

The estimated consumption of diesel in the world at the end of the year 2005 was 960 billion liters. On the other hand, the production of biodiesel during the same year was 4.2 billion liters (Figure 1). For example, assuming that 2% of diesel was replaced with biodiesel, it would mean an increase of 15 billion liters in the biodiesel global production. This amount of biodiesel has other impacts, including overproduction of glycerin, the use

Fig. 1. World production of biodiesel (Source: National Federation of Oil Palm Growers

Table 2, lists the specifications established for biodiesel and the corresponding test

ASTM has specified different fuel tests needed to ensure their proper functioning.

of vegetable oils.

of more land, etc.

(FEDEPALMA)).

method.

and trade". FAS-USDA, October 2008**)**


Table 2. ASTM Features

#### **1.1 Environmental problems for disposing used cooking oil**

Used cooking oil causes severe environmental problems, "a liter of oil poured into a water course can pollute up to 1000 tanks of 500 liters". It's feasible to demonstrate the contamination with the dumping of these oils to the main water sources.

The oil which reaches the water sources increases its organic pollution load, to form layers on the water surface to prevent the oxygen exchange and alters the ecosystem. The dumping of the oil also causes problems in the pipes drain obstructing them and creating odors and increasing the cost of wastewater treatment. For this reason, has

Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil 27

physical characteristics good, texture and structure, are preferable to the level of fertility, as it can be corrected with mineral fertilization. The palm oil resists low acidity levels, up to pH 4. Too alkaline soils are harmful. Although you can plant with success on land of hills with slopes above of 20 °, are preferred levels or slightly wavy, with no more than

 Acaro: They are located on the underside of the leaves, mainly in vivarium palms. The damages are identified by the discoloration of the leaves, which reduces the

 Arriera ant: it is common in tropical areas. This animal can cause serious defoliations in palms of all ages. We can fight it with bait poisoned as Mirex, applied to the nest

 Estrategus: Is a beetle of 50 to 60 mm long, black, with two horns. This animal drills in the ground, at the foot of the Palm, a gallery of even 80 cm; penetrates the tissues of the trunk base and destroys it. It is controlled with 200 g of heptachlor powdered 5%,

Rats: This animal can cause damage at the trunk base of young palms. Controlled with

 Yellow beetle or alurnus: attacks the young leaves of the plant heart as well as on the coconut tree. It is controlled with sprayings of Thiodan 35 EC, solution of 800 cc in 200

Beetles or black palm weevil: In Palm oil causes the same damage to the coconut

 Lace bug: is 2.5 mm long. It is an insect of transparent grey color. It is located in the underside of the leaves. Their stings favor infections by various fungi, which may cause

Rapeseed is a "specie oilseed in the cruciferous family. Many of the species of this family have been cultivated since long time ago that their roots, stems, flowers and seeds are edible" (Iriarte, Consulted: http://www.inta.gov.ar/ediciones/idia/oleaginosa /colza01.pdf). Ideally grows in climates that go from temperate to slightly cold and wet (minimum of 0 °C and maximum of 40 °C). When the seeds of rapeseed are crushed we can obtain oil and a kind of pulp or prized residue from always to feed livestock, since that gives a 34% protein and 15% crude fiber. The biodegradable properties of rapeseed or canola oil make it ideal to be used on the basis of paints, herbicides, lubricants, food

Oilseed rape (Brassica napus) is a crucifer of deep and pivoting root. The stem has a size of 1.5 m approximately. The lower leaves are petiolate but the superiors entire and lanceolate. The flowers are small, yellow, and are grouped in terminal racemes. The fruits have a number of grains by pod around 20-25, depending on the variety. The rapeseed composition

15 ° gradients.

mouths.

palm.

packaging, etc.

draining of the leaves.

**2.2.1 Characteristics of plant** 

is showed in the table 3:

**2.2 Rapeseed or canola oil**

The major pest of palm oil and its damage are:

slightly buried around the Palm.

liters of water. Apply 2 to 4 liters in palm.

photosynthetic area. We can fight it with Tedión.

baits of coumarine, which must be changed regularly.

**2.1.2 Pests** 

been necessary to create a way to recover this oil and reuse it. Also due to the wear and tear resulting in sewer pipes may cause overflows of the system, "generating diseases that can cause mild stomach cramps to diseases potentially fatal, such as cholera, infectious hepatitis and gastroenteritis, due to the sewage contains water which can transport bacteria, viruses, parasites, intestinal worms and molds" (Peisch. Consulted: http://www.seagrantpr.org/catalog/files/fact\_sheets/54-aguas-usadas-de-PR.PDF). The dangerous odors generate impact negatively on health, "is formed hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which can cause irritation of the respiratory tract, skin infections, headaches and eye irritation" (Peisch. Consulted: http://www.seagrantpr.org/ catalog/files/fact\_sheets/54 aguas-usadas-de-PR.PDF).
