**8. References**

Chuaohuymak Pojanalai, Sookkumnerd Terasut, Kinetics of Homogeneous Transesterification Reaction of Palm oil and Methanol, Technology p. 1-6,2005.

Demirbas Ayhan, Biodiesel A Realistic Fuel Alternative. Trabzon: Springer-Verlag London Limited, 2008.

**15** 

**Gas-Liquid Process, Thermodynamic** 

**Analysis and On-Road Bus Trial of a** 

**Proven NOx Less Biodiesel** 

*Council of Scientific and Industrial Research,* 

*Chemical Engineering Department, Central Leather Research Institute,* 

*Adyar, Chennai* 

*India* 

**Characteristics (19 Blends), Efficiency &** 

Kandukalpatti Chinnaraj Velappan and Nagarajan Vedaraman

**Environmental Impacts, SEM Particulate Matter** 

Biodiesel has gained worldwide attention as renewable and blending agent with some lower gas emissions, besides a slight increase of NOx emission (Michael & Robert ,1998)in the exhaust gas compared to the petroleum diesel. Vegetable oils (Srivastava & Prasad,2000; Prasad & Mohan,2003) namley soybean, sunflower, cottonseed and rapeseed have been examined for fuel without/ with a small modification in the engine. A number of problems, mainly high viscosity, are associated with vegetable oils when directly used as fuel in the CI engines (Agarwal , 1998; Sinha & Misra , 1997; Roger & Jaiduk 1985). It is difficult to reduce particulate matter (PM) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) ( Mohamad and et al., 2002) simultaneously owing the trade-off between NOx and PM. Moreover, methyl esters of vegetable oils are sulphur free and possess good lubricating properties ( De-Gang et al., 2005). Depending upon the climate and the soil conditions, different countries looking for different type of vegetable oil ( Goering et al., 1982; Fernando et al., 2003; Antolin et al., 2002; Freedam et al., 1986; Noureddini & Zhu, 1997; Mohamad et al., 2002; Yi-Hsu & Shaik, 2005; Sukumar et al., 2005) used for the biodiesel production; soybean oil in US, rapeseed oil in Europe, palm oil in Malaysia and Indonesia, and coconut oil in the Philippine are being

In India, out of more than 125 million tons (Arumugam et al., 2003) of rice production, about 6 million tons of rice bran and 1 million ton of RBOBD is produced annually (Table 1). General characteristics of refined rice bran oil are as follows: sp gr, 0.916 kg/m3; ref index 1.47; Cloud index, 17; iodine value, 99-108; saponification value, 180-190; unsopanifiable matter, 3.5(%); smoke point, 213 C; and fire point, 352 C. General properties of vegetable oil based biodiesel (Table 2) show many variations that might be due to the conversion to

biodiesel through different raw materials and different processes.

**1. Introduction** 

considered (Barnwal & Sharma , 2005).

