**11. Wastewater nitrogen and phosphorous as microalgae nutrients**

There is a unique opportunity to both treat wastewater and provide nutrients to algae using nutrient-rich effluent streams. By cultivating microalgae, which consume polluting nutrients in municipal wastewater, and abstracting and processing this resource, then the goals of sustainable fuel production and wastewater treatment can be combined (Andersen, 2005). Treated wastewater is rich in nitrogen and phosphorus, which if left to flow into waterways, can spawn unwanted algae blooms and result in eutrophication (Sebnem Aslan, 2006). These nutrients can instead be utilized by algae, which provide the co-benefit of producing biofuels and removing nitrogen and phosphorus as well as organic carbon (Mostafa and Ali, 2009). Wastewater treatment using algae has many advantages. It offers the feasibility to recycle these nutrients into algae biomass as a fertilizer and thus can offset treatment cost. Oxygen rich effluent is released into water bodies after wastewater treatment using algae (Becker, 2004).

Cyanobacteria strains (Anabaena flos aquae, Anabaena oryzae, Nostoc humifusum, Nostoc muscorum, Oscillatoria sp., Spirulina platensis, Phormedium fragile and Wollea saccata) and the green alga strain Chlorella vulgaris were obtained from the Microbiology Department, Soils, Water and Environment Res. Inst. (SWERI), Agric. Res., Center (ARC). Cyanobacteria strains were maintained in BG11 medium (Rippka *et al*., 1979) except Spirulina platensis which was cultivated in Zarrouk medium (Zarrouk, 1966). While, Bold medium (Nichols and Bold, 1965) was used for the green alga Chlorella vulgaris. Cultures were incubated in a growth chamber under continuous shaking (150 rpm) and illumination (2000 lux) at 25 ± 1 C for 30 days. Shalaby *et al*. (2011). The effluent of the secondary treated sewage wastewater from Zenien Waste Water Treatment Plant (ZWWTP), Giza

Table 8. Total lipid, biodiesel, sediment percentage and biodiesel color of Dictyochloropsis

There is a unique opportunity to both treat wastewater and provide nutrients to algae using nutrient-rich effluent streams. By cultivating microalgae, which consume polluting nutrients in municipal wastewater, and abstracting and processing this resource, then the goals of sustainable fuel production and wastewater treatment can be combined (Andersen, 2005). Treated wastewater is rich in nitrogen and phosphorus, which if left to flow into waterways, can spawn unwanted algae blooms and result in eutrophication (Sebnem Aslan, 2006). These nutrients can instead be utilized by algae, which provide the co-benefit of producing biofuels and removing nitrogen and phosphorus as well as organic carbon (Mostafa and Ali, 2009). Wastewater treatment using algae has many advantages. It offers the feasibility to recycle these nutrients into algae biomass as a fertilizer and thus can offset treatment cost. Oxygen rich effluent is released into water bodies after wastewater treatment using algae

Cyanobacteria strains (Anabaena flos aquae, Anabaena oryzae, Nostoc humifusum, Nostoc muscorum, Oscillatoria sp., Spirulina platensis, Phormedium fragile and Wollea saccata) and the green alga strain Chlorella vulgaris were obtained from the Microbiology Department, Soils, Water and Environment Res. Inst. (SWERI), Agric. Res., Center (ARC). Cyanobacteria strains were maintained in BG11 medium (Rippka *et al*., 1979) except Spirulina platensis which was cultivated in Zarrouk medium (Zarrouk, 1966). While, Bold medium (Nichols and Bold, 1965) was used for the green alga Chlorella vulgaris. Cultures were incubated in a growth chamber under continuous shaking (150 rpm) and illumination (2000 lux) at 25 ± 1 C for 30 days. Shalaby *et al*. (2011). The effluent of the secondary treated sewage wastewater from Zenien Waste Water Treatment Plant (ZWWTP), Giza

**11. Wastewater nitrogen and phosphorous as microalgae nutrients** 

sp cultivated under stress

(Becker, 2004).

Governorate, Egypt was used after filtered using glass microfiber filter to remove large particles and indigenous bacteria for the experiment and the chemical and physical parameters were analysis as reported by APHA (1998) Table (2). The supplementation of NaNO3, K2HPO4 and FeSO4.7H2O in amounts equal to those of the standard BG11, Bold and Zarrouk were used as basal media. The algal strains were grown in 500 ml Erlenmeyer flasks containing 200 ml of 100% effluent supplemented with basal nutrients and 100% effluent without basal nutrients with/without sterilization and the synthetic media (BG11, Bold and Zarrouk) were used as control. Two per cent algal inoculums were added to each flask. The experiment was conducted in triplicates and cultures were incubated at 25 ºC ±1ºC, under continuous shaking (150 rpm) and illumination (2000 lux) for 15 days. This work aimed to evaluate the laboratory cultivation of nine algal strains belonging to Nostocales and Chlorellales in secondary treated municipal domestic wastewater for biomass and biodiesel production as shown in Table (9 and 10).


Each value is presented as mean of triplet treatments, LSD: Least different significantly at P ≤ 0.05 according to Duncan's multiple range tests.

T1: waste water without treatment; T2: waste water after sterilization; T3: waste water+ nutrients with sterilization T4: waste water+ nutrients without sterilization

Table 9. Total lipids, biodiesel, glycerine+pigments percentage and color, pH of biodiesel from different microalgae species cultivated in different waste water

Algal Biomass and Biodiesel Production 129

2006 fuel prices. These cost reduction figures take into account the fact that materials input and refining of fuels (in this case the algae vegetable oil) account for roughly 71% of total at pump fuel cost [Chisti, 2007]. Algal biodiesel becomes even more plausible given the potential for GHG regulation in the near future. Since for every ton of algal biomass produced, approximately 1.83 tons of carbon dioxide is fixed while petroleum diesel carries a massive negat balance, the competitiveness of algae diesel increases as GHG externalities are taken into account. Given certain research objectives these cost reductions are achievable in the near future. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) outlines many such research objects including: increasing photosynthetic efficiency of algae species for high lipid production, control of mechanisms of algae biofocculation, understanding the effects of non-steady-state operating conditions, and methods of species selection and control

Most problems with marine microalgae cultures are related to predation by various types of protozoans (e.g. zooflagellates, ciliates, and rhizopods). Other problem is the blooming of unwanted or toxic species such as the blue-green algae or dinoflagellates (red tides) that can result in high toxicity for consumers and even for humans. Examples are the massive development of green chlorococcalean algae, such as Synechocystis in freshwater, and also the development of Phaeodactylum in seawater that is undesirable for bivalve molluscs. [De

Algae have mainly been used in west countries as raw material to extract alginates (from brown algae) and agar and carragenates (from red algae). Moreover, algae also contain multitude of bioactive compounds (phenolic compounds, alkaloids, plant acids, terpenoids and glycosides) that might have antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, anticarcinogenic, etc.

Afify, AMM.; Shanab, SM.; Shalaby, EA. (2010). Enhancement of biodiesel production

Antolin, G.; Tinaut, F. V.; Briceno, Y. (2002). Optimisation of biodiesel production by

Baruch, J.J. (2008). Combating global warming while enhancing the future. Technol. Soc. 30,

Becker, E.W. in: J. Baddiley, *et al*. (Eds.), Microalgae: Biotechnology and Microbiology,

Benemann, J.R.; Koopman, B.L.; Weissman, J.C.; Eisenberg, D.M.; Oswald, W.J. (1978). An

Microalgae, Report, Contract D(0-3)-34, U.S. Dept. of Energy, SAN-003-4-2.

Integrated System for the Conversion of Solar Energy with Sewage-grown

sunflower oil transesterification. Bioresour Technol ., 83:111–4.

Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, NY, 1994, p. 178.

from different species of algae, grasas y aceites, 61 (4), octubre-diciembre, 416-

[Sheehan *et al*., 1998].

Pauw *et al*., 1984].

**15. References** 

422.

111–121.

**13. The problems related with algae** 

**14. Other application of algae** 

properties. (Plaza, *et al*., 2008).


Each value is presented as mean of triplet treatments, LSD: Least different significantly at P ≤ 0.05 according to Duncan's multiple range tests.

T1: waste water without treatment; T2: waste water after sterilization; T3: waste water+ nutrients with sterilization T4: waste water+ nutrients without sterilization

Table 10. Total lipids, biodiesel, glycerine+pigments percentage and color, pH of biodiesel from different microalgae species cultivated in different waste water
