**Meet the editor**

Dr. Soha Maad obtained her PhD from the University of Warwick in the UK in 2002. She has several years of experience in coordinating, managing, and providing expert advice for research projects in various institutions including Fraunhofer Institute of Media Communication in Germany, INRIA in France, Trinity College in Dublin, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, and University

College Cork in Ireland. She was involved in various projects funded by the European Union, Science Foundation Ireland, National Center for Scientific Research in France, and Federal Ministry of Education and Research in Germany. She was the recipient of six Enterprise Ireland grants to coordinate and manage European Union projects and is expert member of various EU initiatives. She is also the founder and manager of IGROW EEIG (Integrated Technologies and Services for Sustainable Growth European Economic Interest Grouping) in Ireland.

## Contents

### **Preface XI**


### Chapter 6 **Research and Devolopment about Metallurgical Industry of Romania 91**

Adrian Ioana, Augustin Semenescu and Mihnea Costoiu

## Preface

Chapter 6 **Research and Devolopment about Metallurgical Industry**

Adrian Ioana, Augustin Semenescu and Mihnea Costoiu

**of Romania 91**

**VI** Contents

This book traces the evolution and trends in research and development (R&D) and sheds light on key R&D practices of vital importance for human, institutional, and economic sector growth.

Following an introductory chapter, the subsequent book chapters are classified into three sections: (1) "R&D for human growth and prosperity," (2) "R&D for institutional growth," and (3) "R&D for economic sector growth."

The introductory chapter adopts a top-down approach gathering a pool of knowledge about R&D: trends, evolution, needs, challenges, and types; policies and strategies; ecosystems; data management systems, infrastructures, and leaders; and outcome and impact evaluation systems and frameworks.

The first section of the book covers a topical theme on human development and researchdevelopment-extension relationships emphasizing that human capital is the most important strategic factor for development.

The second section of the book covers a topical theme on R&D for institutional growth, with particular focus on small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). It addresses the topic of SME development through public and private partnerships and the key role of research transfer and patent information analysis.

The third section of the book focuses on R&D in three sectors of paramount importance for economic growth: smart microgrids, energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission, and metallurgical industry. The chapter on smart microgrids addresses the important R&D issue of optimizing local resources toward increased efficiency and a more sustainable growth. The first chapter on energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission focuses on hybrid energy evaluation and greenhouse gas mitigation methods for sustaining the growth and economy of nations. The third chapter sheds light on the transforming landscape of research and development in the metallurgical industry of Romania. The chapter traces the evolu‐ tion/involution of metallurgical industry in Romania during the period 1990–2016.

The book chapters are written in a brief and easy-to-read style and aim at motivating future thinking, fostering research and development, and inspiring new collaboration models.

Target readers of this book are various economic stakeholders including academia, industry, investors, and public sector entities. The book can be used as an academic reference and a guide for academia, public sector, funding agencies, and industry. Given its transdisciplina‐ ry coverage of various areas in research and development, this book fills a knowledge gap and motivates research and innovation among academia, industry, and public sector.

The book can be also used as a reference to understand the various R&D-related challenges, identified by regional research and development authorities, within the various R&D frame‐ work programs and regional development plans.

Many people contributed in different ways to the realization of this book. First of all, we would like to thank the authors. They have put in considerable effort in writing their chap‐ ters. I am very grateful to the technical editors who contributed valuable efforts and dedicat‐ ed time to improve the quality of the book. Furthermore, I would like to thank Ms. Iva Lipovic and Ms. Dajana Pemac, the publishing process managers; Ms. Ana Pantar and Ms. Sandra Bakic, senior commissioning editors; and all members of the editorial board of In‐ Tech for giving me the opportunity to start this book in the first place and their support in bringing the book to actual publication.

I am grateful to my family and colleagues who supported me in making this work a great success. I thank God for giving me the strength to achieve this work, which I hope will meet the high expectations of the readers.

I hope this book motivates us to share best practices, put a joint action plan, fill a knowledge gap, and strengthen international collaboration to formulate policies, develop metrics, and accredit criteria for research and development with social impact.

It was my great pleasure to edit this book, and I hope you enjoy reading it as well and make best use of it.

> **Dr. Soha Maad, BE, MSc, PhD** Founder and Manager Integrated Technologies and Services for Sustainable Growth (IGROW) European Economic Interest Grouping (EEIG) Ireland

**Section 1**

## **Introduction**

The book can be also used as a reference to understand the various R&D-related challenges, identified by regional research and development authorities, within the various R&D frame‐

Many people contributed in different ways to the realization of this book. First of all, we would like to thank the authors. They have put in considerable effort in writing their chap‐ ters. I am very grateful to the technical editors who contributed valuable efforts and dedicat‐

Lipovic and Ms. Dajana Pemac, the publishing process managers; Ms. Ana Pantar and Ms. Sandra Bakic, senior commissioning editors; and all members of the editorial board of In‐ Tech for giving me the opportunity to start this book in the first place and their support in

success. I thank God for giving me the strength to achieve this work, which I hope will meet

I hope this book motivates us to share best practices, put a joint action plan, fill a knowledge gap, and strengthen international collaboration to formulate policies, develop metrics, and

It was my great pleasure to edit this book, and I hope you enjoy reading it as well and make

Integrated Technologies and Services for Sustainable Growth (IGROW)

I am grateful to my family and colleagues who supported me in making this work

I would like to thank Ms. Iva

**Dr. Soha Maad, BE, MSc, PhD**

European Economic Interest Grouping (EEIG)

Founder and Manager

a great

Ireland

work programs and regional development plans.

bringing the book to actual publication.

the high expectations of the readers.

best use of it.

VIII Preface

ed time to improve the quality of the book. Furthermore,

accredit criteria for research and development with social impact.

**Provisional chapter**

### **Introductory Chapter: R&D Trends and Evolution - Emerging Concepts, Frameworks, Policies, Management Systems, and Applications Emerging Concepts, Frameworks, Policies, Management Systems, and Applications**

**Introductory Chapter: R&D Trends and Evolution -** 

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.69733

Soha Maad Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Soha Maad

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.69733

### **1. R&D trends and evolution**

### **1.1. New trends in global funding**

The changing economic conditions and balance of power around the globe have changed how nations and agencies prioritize investment in research, development, and innovation. Moreover, the growth of scientific research during the past decades has outpaced the public resources available to fund it. This has led to a problem for funding agencies and politicians and pushed toward science with expected benefits for society. For instance, Horizon 2020, the biggest multinational research program in the world, launched by the European Union (EU), shifted toward funding research and innovation activities that are *"closer to the market."* International cooperation is gaining a high priority on the funding agenda of nations and agencies for maintaining global competitive advantages, tackling global societal challenge, and supporting external policies [1–4].

### **1.2. New research evaluation frameworks**

Responding to changing landscape in local, regional, and global funding needs and directions, new research evaluation frameworks were introduced stressing the importance of social impact of research besides traditional measures of research including metrics (Data Citation Index, Altmetric, Citation Score, etc.). Examples of new research evaluation framework include Research Excellence Framework (REF) in the UK, STAR METRICS in the USA, National Institute for Academic Degrees and University Evaluation NIAD in Japan, Excellence in Research for Australia (ERA), Canadian Academy of Health Science (CAHS), Evaluation Agency for Research and Higher Education (AERES) in France [5–16].

There is also a growing issue around standardization, development of new frameworks and the potential of data mining and social media in creating a paradigm shift in the way research is evaluated.

### **1.3. Research classification and science diplomacy**

Consequently, research is classified in various categories: institutional research, basic research, applied research, research and experimental development, social innovation, and technological innovation [17–23].

"Science diplomacy" in the international cooperation in the research and innovation is an instrument of soft power and a mechanism for improving relations with key countries and regions.

### **1.4. New policies, strategies, and ecosystems**

Realizing the importance of research, development, and innovation in driving growth and addressing societal challenges, institutions, nations, and regions are developing new policies, strategies, and ecosystems to promote R&D and innovation. There is no unified practice in devising policies, adopting strategies, and developing ecosystems for R&D and innovation. We are rather confronted with scattered efforts around the globe lacking homogeneous, synchronized, and standard actions [24–35].

### **1.5. New concepts emerging**

Open innovation is a new concept introduced to drive R&D and innovation and to consolidate data in the hand of various economic stakeholders in order to create the so called "knowledge economy" [36–38].

Various economic stakeholders (industry, academia, government) are developing open innovation approaches, combining in-house and external resources, and maximizing economic value from intellectual property.

### **1.6. R&D outcome and impact**

It is hard to assess R&D impact and to identify all areas that may be impacted (impact zones). It is also a challenging task to accurately estimate the timeframe to achieve an expected impact. For instance, the largest EU investment in GRID infrastructure has never delivered the expected impact within the predicted timeframe. Impact assessment is a big task and we have a long way ahead to learn from case studies, best practices, and experiences [39–42].

Moreover, identifying R&D outcome and devising outcome measurement approaches is a nontrivial task that requires a broad vision of various considerations that can shape outcome.

### **1.7. Rising importance of research data management and systems**

To cope with a changing R&D landscape, novel data management models and systems have to be developed. Various research data management plans have been suggested and in some instance imposed by funding agencies to maximize benefit from return on investment in R&D [43–47].

Again, there is no unified practice or standard to develop a data management plan for R&D. So far various issues considered include types of data, metadata and standards, policies for data access and sharing, data storage and preservation of access, interoperability, visualization, data management life cycle, datasets collected, processed and generated by a research project, open access of data, and criteria for open access [43–47].

### **1.8. Emerging R&D techniques**

There is also a growing issue around standardization, development of new frameworks and the potential of data mining and social media in creating a paradigm shift in the way research

Research and Development Evolving Trends and Practices - Towards Human, Institutional and Economic Sectors

Consequently, research is classified in various categories: institutional research, basic research, applied research, research and experimental development, social innovation, and technologi-

"Science diplomacy" in the international cooperation in the research and innovation is an instrument of soft power and a mechanism for improving relations with key countries and

Realizing the importance of research, development, and innovation in driving growth and addressing societal challenges, institutions, nations, and regions are developing new policies, strategies, and ecosystems to promote R&D and innovation. There is no unified practice in devising policies, adopting strategies, and developing ecosystems for R&D and innovation. We are rather confronted with scattered efforts around the globe lacking homogeneous, syn-

Open innovation is a new concept introduced to drive R&D and innovation and to consolidate data in the hand of various economic stakeholders in order to create the so called "knowledge

Various economic stakeholders (industry, academia, government) are developing open innovation approaches, combining in-house and external resources, and maximizing eco-

It is hard to assess R&D impact and to identify all areas that may be impacted (impact zones). It is also a challenging task to accurately estimate the timeframe to achieve an expected impact. For instance, the largest EU investment in GRID infrastructure has never delivered the expected impact within the predicted timeframe. Impact assessment is a big task and we have a long way ahead to learn from case studies, best practices, and experiences [39–42].

Moreover, identifying R&D outcome and devising outcome measurement approaches is a nontrivial task that requires a broad vision of various considerations that can shape outcome.

To cope with a changing R&D landscape, novel data management models and systems have to be developed. Various research data management plans have been suggested and in some

**1.7. Rising importance of research data management and systems**

is evaluated.

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4

regions.

cal innovation [17–23].

**1.3. Research classification and science diplomacy**

**1.4. New policies, strategies, and ecosystems**

chronized, and standard actions [24–35].

nomic value from intellectual property.

**1.6. R&D outcome and impact**

**1.5. New concepts emerging**

economy" [36–38].

R&D impact and outcome evaluation is increasingly shaped by emerging technologies such as visualization (dashboards), data mining, big data analytics, communication technologies building ecosystems, and R&D and innovation e-infrastructures.

### **2. A quick tour of book chapters**

The book chapters are classified into three sections: (1) R&D for human growth and prosperity; (2) R&D for institutional growth; and (3) R&D for economic sectors. Below is a quick tour of the book chapters.

### **2.1. R&D for human growth and prosperity**

This section covers a topical theme on human development and research-development-extension relationships. Human capital is the most important strategic factor for development. It argues that in today's world, it becomes increasingly important to know how information can be accessed, how it is adopted, and how it can be assimilated. In this respect, each country allocates budget for training, education, and extension according to its own conditions. This budget may be intended for rural community-based social assistance, but the economic and welfare effect is essential. In this way, it is aimed to increase the living standards of the families living in the rural areas. This will naturally contribute to national income and to the prosperity of society. Moreover, the development of human resources should be emphasized and a suitable atmosphere should be prepared for its widespread prosperity.

### **2.2. R&D for institutional growth**

This section covers a topical theme on R&D for institutional growth, with particular focus on small and medium size enterprises (SMEs). The chapter in this section addresses the topic of SMEs development through public and private partnerships and the key role of research transfer and patent information analysis. The chapter argues that innovation is today one of the best ways to improve competitiveness and to create jobs. Hence, the transformation of knowledge and competencies developed in academics laboratories and research centers must be transformed in products and services. To achieve this goal, the use of patent information is one of the best ways to understand the areas concerned by the research, to find partners and often to shift academics subjects to more relevant domains. This chapter focuses on the patent

information retrieval and automatic analysis (automatic patent analysis (APA)). It shows how the results are useful for the research valorization and transfer especially to SMEs.

#### **2.3. R&D for economic sectors growth**

This section focuses on R&D in three sectors of paramount importance for economic growth: smart microgrids, energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission, and metallurgical industry.

The chapter on smart microgrids addresses the important R&D issue of optimizing local resources toward increased efficiency and a more sustainable growth. The chapter argues that with the increasing number of small renewable power generation units, the addition of the grid storage and a high number of electric cars as additional loads the electrical power grid will become more complex. On the other hand, local generation units and smart control interfaces to devices call for forming smart microgrids that reduce complexity by performing local optimization of power production, consumption, and storage. We do not envision these smart microgrids to be island solutions but rather to be integrated into a larger network of microgrids that form the future energy grid. Operating and controlling a smart microgrid involves optimization for using generated energy locally, for example, from a photovoltaic system, and therefore employing demand response mechanisms as well as predicting consumption accurately. Further goals are providing feedback to the user in order to the human in the loop of deciding when and how to use energy-consuming devices. The chapter shows how these issues can be addressed starting with measuring and modeling energy consumption patterns by collecting an energy consumption data set at device level. The open dataset allows to extract typical usage patterns and subsequently to model test scenarios for energy management algorithms.

The chapter on energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission focuses on hybrid energy evaluation and greenhouse gas mitigation methods for sustaining the growth and economy of nations. The chapter argues that various evaluation methods have been adopted by researchers, academia, and ministries. The most effective method is the hybrid evaluation method. This takes into consideration strength of a particular method to overcome the weakness of another method. The chapter focuses on a recently proven integrated method on energy and greenhouse gas studies—integrated IDA-ANN-DEA (Index Decomposition Analysis-Artificial Neural Network-Data Envelopment Analysis). Case studies are exemplified using this approach in evaluating possible energy potential that could be saved in the manufacturing industries in Canada and South Africa as well as a particular food and beverage industries.

The third chapter sheds light on the transforming landscape of research and development in the metallurgical industry of Romania. The chapter traces the evolution/involution of metallurgical industry in Romania during the period 1990–2016. The chapter argues that the importance of metallurgical industry, for any state is substantial. The chapter presents a description of the main metallurgical companies in Romania, describes critical components concerning the involution of steel industry in Romania, and foresees the future prospect of metallurgical industry in Romania.

### **Author details**

Soha Maad

information retrieval and automatic analysis (automatic patent analysis (APA)). It shows how

Research and Development Evolving Trends and Practices - Towards Human, Institutional and Economic Sectors

This section focuses on R&D in three sectors of paramount importance for economic growth: smart microgrids, energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission, and metallurgical

The chapter on smart microgrids addresses the important R&D issue of optimizing local resources toward increased efficiency and a more sustainable growth. The chapter argues that with the increasing number of small renewable power generation units, the addition of the grid storage and a high number of electric cars as additional loads the electrical power grid will become more complex. On the other hand, local generation units and smart control interfaces to devices call for forming smart microgrids that reduce complexity by performing local optimization of power production, consumption, and storage. We do not envision these smart microgrids to be island solutions but rather to be integrated into a larger network of microgrids that form the future energy grid. Operating and controlling a smart microgrid involves optimization for using generated energy locally, for example, from a photovoltaic system, and therefore employing demand response mechanisms as well as predicting consumption accurately. Further goals are providing feedback to the user in order to the human in the loop of deciding when and how to use energy-consuming devices. The chapter shows how these issues can be addressed starting with measuring and modeling energy consumption patterns by collecting an energy consumption data set at device level. The open dataset allows to extract typical usage patterns and subsequently to model test scenarios for energy management algorithms.

The chapter on energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission focuses on hybrid energy evaluation and greenhouse gas mitigation methods for sustaining the growth and economy of nations. The chapter argues that various evaluation methods have been adopted by researchers, academia, and ministries. The most effective method is the hybrid evaluation method. This takes into consideration strength of a particular method to overcome the weakness of another method. The chapter focuses on a recently proven integrated method on energy and greenhouse gas studies—integrated IDA-ANN-DEA (Index Decomposition Analysis-Artificial Neural Network-Data Envelopment Analysis). Case studies are exemplified using this approach in evaluating possible energy potential that could be saved in the manufacturing industries in Canada and South Africa as well as a particular food and beverage industries. The third chapter sheds light on the transforming landscape of research and development in the metallurgical industry of Romania. The chapter traces the evolution/involution of metallurgical industry in Romania during the period 1990–2016. The chapter argues that the importance of metallurgical industry, for any state is substantial. The chapter presents a description of the main metallurgical companies in Romania, describes critical components concerning the involution of steel industry in Romania, and foresees the future prospect of metallurgical

the results are useful for the research valorization and transfer especially to SMEs.

**2.3. R&D for economic sectors growth**

industry.

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industry in Romania.

Address all correspondence to: manager@igrow-eeig.com

IGROW EEIG, Dublin, Ireland

### **References**

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	- [13] ERA. ERA is a Comprehensive Quality Evaluation of all Research Produced in Australian Universities against National and International Benchmarks [Internet]. Available from: http://www.arc.gov.au/excellence-research-australia
	- [14] CAHS. The Canadian Academy of Health Sciences (CAHS) Provides Timely, Informed and Unbiased Assessments of Urgent Issues Affecting the Health of Canadians [Internet]. Available from: http://cahs-acss.ca/
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[10] Higher Education Funding Council for England. Independent Review of the Role of Metrics in Research Assessment [Internet]. 2014. Available from: http://www.hefce.

Research and Development Evolving Trends and Practices - Towards Human, Institutional and Economic Sectors

[11] REF-UK. The Research Excellence Framework (REF) is the New System for Assessing the Quality of Research in UK Higher Education Institutions [Internet]. Available from:

[12] STARMETRICS. STAR METRICS® is a Federal and Research Institution Collaboration to Create a Repository of Data and Tools that will be Useful to Assess the Impact of Federal R&D Investments [Internet]. Available from: https://www.starmetrics.nih.gov/

[13] ERA. ERA is a Comprehensive Quality Evaluation of all Research Produced in Australian Universities against National and International Benchmarks [Internet]. Available from:

[14] CAHS. The Canadian Academy of Health Sciences (CAHS) Provides Timely, Informed and Unbiased Assessments of Urgent Issues Affecting the Health of Canadians [Internet].

[16] NIHR Dashboard. NIHR Dashboard is an Internal System that Collects and Displays High-Level Information from the Different Parts of the NIHR to Support Accountability

[Internet]. Available from: http://www.nihr.ac.uk/about/metrics-dashboard.htm

www.granddictionnaire.com/btml/fra/r\_motclef/index1024\_1.asp

[17] Grand dictionnaire terminologique, s.v. "Recherche" [Internet]. Available from: http://

[18] Legendre R. Dictionnaire actuel de l'éducation, s.v. "Recherche institutionnelle". 3rd ed.

[19] Grand dictionnaire terminologique, s.v. "Recherche fondamentale" [Internet]. 2002. http://www.granddictionnaire.com/btml/fra/r\_motclef/index1024\_1.asp [Accessed:

[20] [ARC translation] Grand dictionnaire terminologique, s.v. "Recherche appliquée". 2002. Available from: http://www.granddictionnaire.com/btml/fra/r\_motclef/index1024\_1.asp

[21] Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Frascati Manual 2002: Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development. 6th ed. Paris: OECD Publications. chap. 2. http://oberon.sourceoecd.org/vl=647187/cl=23/

[22] Camil Bouchard with the collaboration of the Groupe de travail sur l'innovation sociale, Contribution à une politique de l'immatériel. Québec: Les Publications du Québec: 1999. p. 2. Quoted in Innovation in the CEGEPs from the Stakeholders' Perspective, Research

Report, Survey for the Conference of the Fédération des cégeps, 2006, p. 19

http://www.arc.gov.au/excellence-research-australia

Available from: http://cahs-acss.ca/

Montréal: Guérin; 2005. p. 1152

November 30, 2008]

[Accessed: 30-11-2008]

nw=1/rpsv/factbook/070101.htm

[15] NIHR. Available from: http://www.nihr.ac.uk/

ac.uk/rsrch/metrics/

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8

http://www.ref.ac.uk/

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**R&D For Human Growth and Prosperity**

[40] Impact of Research John Peters Joint CEO Emerald Global. Cambridge, MA: Bingley UK

Research and Development Evolving Trends and Practices - Towards Human, Institutional and Economic Sectors

[41] Maximizing the Impacts of your Research: A Handbook for Social Scientists. LSE Public

[42] Tremblay G, Zohar S, Bravo J, Potsepp P, Barker M. The Canada Foundation for Innovation's outcome measurement study: A pioneering approach to research evaluation. Research Evaluation. 2010;**19**(5):333-345. DOI: 10.3152/095820210X12809191250960.

[43] Data Management Plan for Scientific Research, DANS, Data Archiving and Networked Services [Internet]. Available from: http://www.dans.knaw.nl/en/content/categorieen/

[47] Guidelines on Data Management in Horizon 2020, Version 2.1 [Internet]. February 15, 2016. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/docs/h2020-funding-guide/

cross-cutting-issues/open-access-data-management/open-access\_en.htm

[44] UK Data Archive, United Kingdom. Available from: http://www.data-archive.ac.uk [45] Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research in the United States

President Emerald Group Publishing Inc; March 2010

http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/beech/rev

[46] http://www.dans.knaw.nl/en/content/data-archive/data-contracts

Policy Group Consultation Draft

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diensten/data-management-plan
