**4. Results**

#### **4.1. Frontal plane values**

#### *4.1.1. Mean distances between key anatomical landmarks in male and female subjects*

In the frontal plane, the mean distances between key anatomical landmarks can be seen in **Table 2**. The only statistically significant differences found between the two sides of the back in females were the distances between the acromion and the inferior scapular angle; with the right side distance (AR‐SR) being significantly smaller than the left side distance AL‐SL as seen in **Figure 2**. The other statistically significant difference found was between the inferior angle of the scapula and the apical thoracic vertebrae. For this parameter the right side dis‐ tance (TA‐SR) was significantly greater than the left sided value (TA‐SL). No other significant differences in the distances between key anatomical landmarks between the left and right sides of the back were found. Further no significant differences were found for all key ana‐ tomical landmark distances in male subjects between the two sides of the back. The mean female and male distances and standard deviations on the left and right sides of the back can be seen in **Tables 2** and **3**. The back landmarks positions and representation of key anatomical landmarks on a mannequin are presented in **Figures 3** and **4**. Normative values of analysed parameters can be seen in **Tables 4** and **5**.


**Table 2.** The distance between the acromion and the inferior scapula on the left side is statistically longer than the right side and the distance between the inf. angle of the scapula and the apical thoracic vertebrae on the right side is significantly longer on the right side than on the left side.

#### *4.1.2. Differences in female and male height values between the left and right sides of the back for key anatomical landmarks in the frontal plane*

The set of values below **Table 3** refers to the differences in height levels between specific key anatomical landmarks on the two sides of the back. The only significant differences found were at the level of the shoulders; The left shoulder acromion was significantly higher than the right (AL > AR). Otherwise no other staticatically significant differecnes were found at the levels of the inferior scapular angle, the iliac crests and the PSIS. In males there were no stat sign difference at any level, however at the PSIS level the left PSIS showed a trend toward being higher than the right PSIS
