**Extraction and Modification**

[5] Grosser D, Liese W. On the anatomy of Asian bamboos, with special reference to their

[6] Suhaily SS, Abdul Khalil HPS, Nadirah WW, Jawaid M. Bamboo based biocomposites material, design and applications. In: Materials Science-Advanced Topics. Rijeka,

[7] Abdul Khalil HPS, Hossain MS, Rosamah E, Norulaini NN, Leh CP, Asniza M, Davoudpour Y, Zaidul ISM. High-pressure enzymatic hydrolysis to reveal physicochemical and thermal properties of bamboo fiber using a supercritical water fermenter.

[8] Hao RM, Liu WJ, Chen XY. Investigation on bamboo chip bending process by microwave-heating softening (in Chinese). Journal of Central South University of Technology.

[9] Huang M, Zhang W, Zhang X, Yu W, Li W, Liu X, Dai C, Wang S. Factors for phyllostachys edulis timber glass transition temperatures (in Chinese). Journal of Zhejiang

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[11] Moradbak A, Tahir PM, Mohamed AZ, Halis RB. Alkaline sulfite anthraquinone and methanol pulping of bamboo (*Gigantochloa scortechinii*). BioResources. 2015;**11**(1):235-248

with bamboo fibers. Journal of Materials Science. 2008;**43**:775-787

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6 Bamboo - Current and Future Prospects

**Chapter 2**

Provisional chapter

Gigantochloa

**Alkaline Sulfite Anthraquinone and Methanol (ASAM)**

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.76806

This chapter explores the characteristic potentials of alkaline sulfite anthraquinone and methanol (ASAM) pulping of bamboo culms (Gigantochloa scortechinii) in the industrial production of pulp and paper for packaging. The biometric characterization results of the bamboo culms show that bamboo has fiber length of 1980–4000 μm, Runkel ratio of 0.86, and flexibility ratio of 50.19, while the chemical compositions of the bamboo contain 47.67% cellulose, 68.33% holocellulose, 26% lignin, and 3.69% solvent extractive, which give good paper quality fiber and also falls within the range of wood from softwoods species. The study revealed that the optimum ASAM pulping parameters was at 16% NaOH and 90 min cooking time, resulting in Kappa number of 14.17 and pulp yield of 49.06%, while the paper tensile index of 20.86 Nm/g, tear index of 22.64 mN.m2/g, and brightness of 39.32% were obtained. The biometric and chemical characterizations of the ASAM pulped bamboo have shown that ASAM pulped bamboo produces high-quality pulp and paper suitable for packaging and printing paper. Hence, the use of bamboo materials can reduce the burden on the forest, due to the increasing demand for paper

and paper products, while supporting the natural biodiversity.

Keywords: alkaline sulfite anthraquinone and methanol, ASAM, pulping, bamboo,

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and eproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Alkaline Sulfite Anthraquinone and Methanol (ASAM)

**Pulping Process of Tropical Bamboo (***Gigantochloa*

M.T. Paridah, Amin Moradbak, A.Z. Mohamed,

M.T. Paridah, Amin Moradbak, A.Z. Mohamed,

Pulping Process of Tropical Bamboo (

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Folahan Abdulwahab Taiwo Owolabi, Mustapha Asniza and Abdul Khalil H.P.S.

Folahan Abdulwahab Taiwo Owolabi, Mustapha Asniza and Abdul Khalil H.P.S.

)

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76806

*scortechinii***)**

Abstract

pulp and paper

scortechinii

#### **Alkaline Sulfite Anthraquinone and Methanol (ASAM) Pulping Process of Tropical Bamboo (***Gigantochloa scortechinii***)** Alkaline Sulfite Anthraquinone and Methanol (ASAM) Pulping Process of Tropical Bamboo (Gigantochloa scortechinii)

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.76806

M.T. Paridah, Amin Moradbak, A.Z. Mohamed, Folahan Abdulwahab Taiwo Owolabi, Mustapha Asniza and Abdul Khalil H.P.S. M.T. Paridah, Amin Moradbak, A.Z. Mohamed, Folahan Abdulwahab Taiwo Owolabi, Mustapha Asniza and Abdul Khalil H.P.S.

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76806

#### Abstract

This chapter explores the characteristic potentials of alkaline sulfite anthraquinone and methanol (ASAM) pulping of bamboo culms (Gigantochloa scortechinii) in the industrial production of pulp and paper for packaging. The biometric characterization results of the bamboo culms show that bamboo has fiber length of 1980–4000 μm, Runkel ratio of 0.86, and flexibility ratio of 50.19, while the chemical compositions of the bamboo contain 47.67% cellulose, 68.33% holocellulose, 26% lignin, and 3.69% solvent extractive, which give good paper quality fiber and also falls within the range of wood from softwoods species. The study revealed that the optimum ASAM pulping parameters was at 16% NaOH and 90 min cooking time, resulting in Kappa number of 14.17 and pulp yield of 49.06%, while the paper tensile index of 20.86 Nm/g, tear index of 22.64 mN.m2/g, and brightness of 39.32% were obtained. The biometric and chemical characterizations of the ASAM pulped bamboo have shown that ASAM pulped bamboo produces high-quality pulp and paper suitable for packaging and printing paper. Hence, the use of bamboo materials can reduce the burden on the forest, due to the increasing demand for paper and paper products, while supporting the natural biodiversity.

Keywords: alkaline sulfite anthraquinone and methanol, ASAM, pulping, bamboo, pulp and paper

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and eproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
