**3.2. The traditional Bali age house**

#### *3.2.1. The characteristics of the house used as the sample*

The characteristics of the Bali age traditional house used as the sample in this present study included the total area of the building, the area of the room, the area of the terrace, the height

of the walls, the number, height, and width of the doors. Four units of the traditional house were used as the sample in the present study with the characteristics presented in **Table 3**. The componential dimension of one unit was different from that of another, as it should be adjusted to the dweller's anthropometry. **Figure 10** [23] shows a residential house‐1 built by

**No. Number of tested items Nominal moment (kNm) Ultimate moment (kNm)**

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 1a 10.47 13.2 1b 10.47 13.0 1c 10.47 10.8 1d 10.47 19.2 2a 27.42 29.2 2b 27.42 35.2 2c 27.42 30.4 2d 27.42 25.2 Note: The nominal moment was analyzed based on the formulation proposed by Ghavani [5].

**Table 2.** Presents the nominal moment and the ultimate moment.

In order to find out the displacement of the top of the building under seismic load, tradi‐ tional residential houses were analyzed by using three‐dimensional configuration, as shown in **Figure 11** [23]. From the result of the three‐dimensional analysis of the four traditional houses, the average maximum horizontal displacement was 0.193 cm with the building height

using brick wall and bamboo reinforced concrete structure system.

**Figure 9.** The bamboo reinforcement was assembled before concrete was casted [24].

was 3750 cm, thus displacement ratio was 0.0005 or 0.05%.

**Figure 8.** The crack pattern of the bamboo reinforced concrete beam after being tested [22].

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**Table 2.** Presents the nominal moment and the ultimate moment.

strength of cylinder 1 was 21.07 MPa, cylinder 2 was 20.35 MPa, and cylinder 3 was 21.94 MPa,

**Table 2** [22] presents the result of the nominal moment analysis of the beam and ultimate moment analysis. All the blocks were collapsed beyond to the nominal strength; the average

The Bali age traditional house and the modern Balinese house constructed for this study used the structural system of bamboo reinforced concrete. The bamboo was splitted in dimension 10 mm × 30 mm. The bamboo was tied to steel stirrup with an 8‐mm diameter, as shown in **Figure 9** [24]. The walls of the traditional Bali age house were made of brick masonry which spacing made of mortar with proportion of 1 Portland cement to 4 sand, whereas the walls of

The characteristics of the Bali age traditional house used as the sample in this present study included the total area of the building, the area of the room, the area of the terrace, the height

meaning that the average compressive strength was 21.12 MPa.

ultimate strength was 22.46% greater than the nominal strength.

*3.1.6. The structural system of bamboo reinforced concrete*

the modern Balinese house were made of concrete block.

**Figure 8.** The crack pattern of the bamboo reinforced concrete beam after being tested [22].

*3.2.1. The characteristics of the house used as the sample*

**3.2. The traditional Bali age house**

**Figure 8** shows the crack pattern of the concrete beam after being tested [21].

*3.1.5. The nominal moment and ultimate moment*

74 Bamboo - Current and Future Prospects

**Figure 9.** The bamboo reinforcement was assembled before concrete was casted [24].

of the walls, the number, height, and width of the doors. Four units of the traditional house were used as the sample in the present study with the characteristics presented in **Table 3**. The componential dimension of one unit was different from that of another, as it should be adjusted to the dweller's anthropometry. **Figure 10** [23] shows a residential house‐1 built by using brick wall and bamboo reinforced concrete structure system.

In order to find out the displacement of the top of the building under seismic load, tradi‐ tional residential houses were analyzed by using three‐dimensional configuration, as shown in **Figure 11** [23]. From the result of the three‐dimensional analysis of the four traditional houses, the average maximum horizontal displacement was 0.193 cm with the building height was 3750 cm, thus displacement ratio was 0.0005 or 0.05%.


**Table 3.** The characteristics of the traditional Bali age house.

**Figure 10.** The simple traditional Bali age house with the bamboo reinforced concrete structure and brick walls [23].

The temperature within the room ranged from 21 to 27°C or it averaged 23.50 ± 2.65°C. The rela‐ tive humidity (RH) within the room averaged 77.75 ± 4.19%. The maximum noise during daytime was 42 dBA and at night it was 35 dBA, and averaged 39.00 dBA. The average natural illumi‐ nation within the room during daytime ranged from 135 to 245 Lux, higher than 115 Lux, the minimum natural illumination required for doing activities within the bed room [7]. The wind speed within the room during daytime ranged from 0.1 to 0.3 m/second. The natural illumination and wind speed within the room were not measured as the window and ventilation were closed.

**06.00 12.00 18.00 24.00**

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21 27 24 22

135 245 215 –

0.1 0.3 0.2 –

**Figure 11.** Three‐dimensional model of structural system (example of model house 1 [23].

2 Humidity (%) 78 72 79 82 3 Noise (dBA) 39 42 40 35

**Nbr. Description Time when it was measured**

in the room (°C)

illumination (Lux)

(m/second)

**Table 4.** The physical comfort of the traditional Bali age house.

1 The temperature

5 The wind speed

4 Natural

#### *3.2.2. Thermal comfort*

In this present study, the environmental condition included the dry temperature, the relative humidity (RH), the wind speed, illumination, and noise, which contributes to the physical comfort. The environmental condition, after and before the internal and external parts of the house were redesigned, is presented in **Table 4**.

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**Figure 11.** Three‐dimensional model of structural system (example of model house 1 [23].


**Table 4.** The physical comfort of the traditional Bali age house.

*3.2.2. Thermal comfort*

The building area

76 Bamboo - Current and Future Prospects

The room area (m2

The terrace area (m2

The door size (W

The number of widows

The door size (W

The terrace floors material

(m2 )

× H)

× H)

house were redesigned, is presented in **Table 4**.

**Table 3.** The characteristics of the traditional Bali age house.

In this present study, the environmental condition included the dry temperature, the relative humidity (RH), the wind speed, illumination, and noise, which contributes to the physical comfort. The environmental condition, after and before the internal and external parts of the

**Figure 10.** The simple traditional Bali age house with the bamboo reinforced concrete structure and brick walls [23].

**Characteristics House‐1 House‐2 House‐3 House‐4**

The door height (m') 1.95 2.20 2.10 1.95 The number of doors 1 1 1 1

The roof material Tile Tile Tile Tile The walls material Brick Brick Brick Brick The floors material Cement Cement Cement Cement

36.00 40.95 29.00 22.50

) 25.80 30.87 20.30 15.00

) 10.20 9.10 8.70 7.50

2 2 2 2

1 1 1 1

Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic

1.80 × 0.70 1.85 × 0.70 1.75 × 0.70 1.70 × 0.70

The temperature within the room ranged from 21 to 27°C or it averaged 23.50 ± 2.65°C. The rela‐ tive humidity (RH) within the room averaged 77.75 ± 4.19%. The maximum noise during daytime was 42 dBA and at night it was 35 dBA, and averaged 39.00 dBA. The average natural illumi‐ nation within the room during daytime ranged from 135 to 245 Lux, higher than 115 Lux, the minimum natural illumination required for doing activities within the bed room [7]. The wind speed within the room during daytime ranged from 0.1 to 0.3 m/second. The natural illumination and wind speed within the room were not measured as the window and ventilation were closed.

### **3.3. The modern Balinese house**
