**Author details**

the maximum peak at 296 and 293°C with shoulders at 242 and 237°C, respectively for H<sup>45</sup> fraction. These results were justified by different researchers with different view of explanation. Nowakowski et al. [77] corroborated the first peak with reduced temperature polymerization process leading to the formation of char, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and water. Meanwhile, the second peak was assigned to generation of volatile anhydrosugars and

Mui et al. [61] reported that three key components of bamboo namely, xylan, cellulose, and lignin has one major decomposition step to volatiles and a minor decomposition to which leads to the formation of char. A well model theory was presented to explain the decomposition of these components from bamboo to volatiles and chars called as five component and six component systems. Different thermo-parameters were obtained by these model systems. Moreover, Krzesinska et al. [78] conducted the thermal studies on solid iron bamboo (*Dendrocalamus strictus*), a bamboo with unique properties. The thermal decomposition of *Dendrocalamus strictus* was studied at different temperatures varying from 300 to 600°C. It was found that in the case of both raw and pre-charred *Dendrocalamus strictus,* poor thermal decomposition is completely absent. These carbonized samples of *Dendrocalamus strictus*

The foregoing discussions have explored the broader aspects of bamboo, cast as it were within the discourse on sustainable development. To conclude, the above findings of pertinence are worth reiterating here in debating the future challenges confronting the bamboo industry, even though the bamboo industry has contributed a lot to Malaysia's economy. Land use policy choice is becoming more concerned as conservation groups have asserted that much of the land is being cleared to grow bamboo, while increasing the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere, bamboo is the best plant to utilize this carbon dioxide. There is still considerable scope for increased utilization and value added products from bamboo. Malaysia stands to benefit from such a policy turn as bamboo industry is able to participate in cutting edge agricultural research and innovation. To get in-depth knowledge about the structural use of bamboo the study on fundamental properties is a necessary step towards the effective utilization of bamboo in market. With more research, a large number of value-added bamboo products for higher profitability could be made available in the market. If implemented effectively, the policy turn to diversify bamboo products will reflect the bamboo industry's green revolution

The authors would like to thank Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia, and

Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) for the research collaboration.

would be a bonus for manufacturing of thermally stable composites.

related monomeric compounds.

158 Bamboo - Current and Future Prospects

**5. Conclusion**

effort towards a sustainable future.

**Acknowledgements**

Samsul Rizal1 \*, Abdul Khalil H.P.S. 2 , Ikramullah1 , Irshad Ul Haq Bhat3 , Syifaul Huzni<sup>1</sup> , Sulaiman Thalib1 , Asniza Mustapha2 and Chaturbhuj Kumar Saurabh2

\*Address all correspondence to: samsul.rizal@unsyiah.ac.id


3 Faculty of Earth Science, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Campus Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia
