**4. Socialization context II: poverty and nutritional deficit**

Poverty in terms of deprivation implies the second feature of denial conditions of socialization. UNICEF's report "Well-being and poverty among children and adolescents in Argentina," recognizes the need to focus on multidimensional and dynamic hardship to "measure" poverty among children and adolescents. According to this well-known methodology, poverty has to do with the "deprivation of the material, spiritual and emotional resources needed to survive, develop and thrive…" [29].

Thus, by analyzing the structure of poverty among children and adolescents based on the survey of indicators by multiple clusters carried out in the country in 2011–2012, and based on the second quarter of 2015 of the Permanent Household Survey, the Report concludes that Argentina presents between a 25 and 32% of child poverty—that is, between 3.3 and 4 million subjects between 0 and 17 years old. Specifically for 2015, the UNICEF/ECLA methodology (2010) indicates that 31.7% of the children had experienced some kind of deprivation, with the highest values of "extreme deprivation" concentrating in the segment 0–5 years old [30] (**Figure 4**):

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**Figure 4.** Total and etreme child and adolescentet poverty, Argentina, 2015 [30].

institutions. The state public education sends a clear message: the private is more effective,

Next, we will go on identifying some of these general features that contribute to define the limits of the transformations described so far, expanding the range of the issues/actors that

Poverty in terms of deprivation implies the second feature of denial conditions of socialization. UNICEF's report "Well-being and poverty among children and adolescents in Argentina," recognizes the need to focus on multidimensional and dynamic hardship to "measure" poverty among children and adolescents. According to this well-known methodology, poverty has to do with the "deprivation of the material, spiritual and emotional resources needed to

Thus, by analyzing the structure of poverty among children and adolescents based on the survey of indicators by multiple clusters carried out in the country in 2011–2012, and based on the second quarter of 2015 of the Permanent Household Survey, the Report concludes that Argentina presents between a 25 and 32% of child poverty—that is, between 3.3 and 4 million subjects between 0 and 17 years old. Specifically for 2015, the UNICEF/ECLA methodology (2010) indicates that 31.7% of the children had experienced some kind of deprivation, with the highest values of "extreme deprivation" concentrating in the segment 0–5 years old [30] (**Figure 4**):

thus socializing an aspect of negativity that implies denial.

survive, develop and thrive…" [29].

126 Socialization - A Multidimensional Perspective

shape the possibilities/obstacles of socialization in the Global South.

**Figure 3.** Indicators of deficit in the education setting and in the coverage of public education [28].

**4. Socialization context II: poverty and nutritional deficit**

The implemented methodology selects 10 dimensions (nutrition, health, education, information, sanitation, housing, environment, protection against violence, protection against child labor and leisure) linked to 28 indicators (e.g., regarding nutrition: those not exclusively fed with breast milk, those who do not receive at least 2 meals a day, etc.), from which certain "deprivation thresholds" are established. [30]

Even though the report focuses on different quantitative measurements of the above mentioned dimensions, we are interested in considering them as a whole to analyze to what extent these "deprivations" inform us about the state and distribution of body energies in almost one third of children and adolescents in Argentina. In this way, we could make a map of the experience of these subjects from the indicators defined in the report for each dimension-deprivation:

By piecing together the "clues" from **Table 1**, we can start giving shape to the idea of denial to illustrate the context in which the experiences of almost a third of the country's children are configured, in relation to the successive "deprivations" described: boys, girls, and adolescents who are unprotected and exposed to "avoidable" conditions and deaths, "condemned" to school failure and suffering from disinformation; boys, girls, and adolescents who live in unfit environments where they settle in precarious houses that do not have sanitation conditions, and who are subject to labor exploitation and physical and psychological violence.

Instead of emphasizing the absence of the causing factor linked to deprivation, the notion of denial seeks to identify a process from which the impossibilities of the constitution of the individual, subjective and social bodies are configured. The idea of denial is then linked to


the capacity of the mentioned indicators to communicate about the policies of the bodies/ emotions that are configured as conditions of possibility—as territory—for the (possible) processes of socialization distributing a sensation: impossibility. In this context, it is necessary to ask ourselves about what possibilities of socialization, of "incorporation," are linked to the existence of subjects who, for example, have not received the amount of basic nutrients for

In order to think about socialization in the Global South contexts, in addition to the education and poverty situation, it is necessary to highlight some central features about the persistence

In Argentina, since the beginning of the last century, at least, there exists state practices aimed at remedying the so-called market failures (and/or the State's) in the allocation of resources whose central objective is food. The scenario of its emergence can be described in a very simple way: along all these decades the State has recognized that a variable but important number of citizens cannot or have problems having an adequate food intake. The mere fact of maintaining such state practices over time, despite the obvious modifications they have undergone over the decades, points to the persistence of the problem: a significant part of

In Argentina—after a number of discourses about the profound transformations and the handling of sensibilities of the food problem [33]—nowadays there are clear indications that in the last 20 years, at least, the "same" food policies have been around, whose results continue

Argentine citizens cannot meet their food needs through the free sale of their labor.

**5. Socialization context III: nutritional deficit and weak bodies**

**Dimension Gathered indicators Values Bodily/social energies**

**Around 7%** of the children between ages 5 and 15 work

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**33%** of children experience deprivation in this dimension

"it deprives them of carrying out activities typical of their age, which affects their dignity and which, moreover, is detrimental to their physical and psychological development" [31]

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"(…) they have to do with the development of children and their well-being. Thus, development is acknowledged as a multidimensional process that includes the motor, the cognitive (ability to integrate, think, and reason), the emotional (self-confidence and ability to feel) and the social, where the capacity to relate to others appears" [31]

Economic activity carried out by a child

recreational activities

**Table 1.** Context of deprivation as a condition for socialization [32].

of nutritional deficits in the context of children's food policies.

not only to be insufficient but also inadequate in nutritional terms.

their development in their first years of life.

Protection against child labor

Leisure Time devoted to


**Table 1.** Context of deprivation as a condition for socialization [32].

**Dimension Gathered indicators Values Bodily/social energies**

**22.4%** of children between ages of 0 and 4 experience at least one deprivation in this dimension

**27%** of children "would be deprived of their right of life"

**23.4%** of children suffer some deprivation in education

**30%** of children experience

deprivation in at least one of the indicators

**28%** of the children would be deprived of access to sanitation

**19.5%** of the children is deprived of this dimension

**28.3%** of the children experience deprivation in this dimension

violence

**31%** of the children suffer deprivation of an environment free of verbal and physical "(…) they are unprotected from

and at practically no cost" [31]

intelligence tests" [31]

education level" [31]

health" [31]

(…)" [31]

disasters (…)" [31])

gastrointestinal and other kind of infections, and they have higher neonatal mortality and death from diarrhea rates" "(…) those who were not breastfed perform more poorly in

"(…) they are easily avoidable dysfunctions that could be eliminated with simple measures

"a child that lives in a household that displays low-education levels triples the chances (of experiencing deprivation) in comparison with that who lives in a household with a higher

A child's access to information is related to "(…) her/his social, spiritual and moral wellbeing as well as her/his physical mental

"The germs that develop in stools and that are not ingested orally are the main cause of diarrhea. This occurs more frequently when the elimination of the feces is deficient or when there is no drinking water available

"Overcrowding is key in measuring housing quality, and cohabitation with too many people per room increases the risk of losing dignity, contracting infectious diseases, and favoring domestic violence. More specifically, for children, this involves, among other things, poor sleep, contracting illnesses and being victims of abuse and violence" [31]

Disaster areas (with "inclusive urbanization" policies seeks to "significantly reduce the number of deaths and people affected by

"Violence against women has repercussions in their children through maternal stress, anxiety, and depression. Children who witness violence are at greater risk of developing emotional, behavioral, and educational problems. When abuse occurs during pregnancy, the risk of complications increases, including preterm birth, low birth weight, miscarriage, and fetal death" [31]

Nutrition Breastfeeding, do not

128 Socialization - A Multidimensional Perspective

Health Diarrhea or cough

Information Air TV, cable TV,

access

Sanitation Public and open bucket latrines

Housing Overcrowding, floor

Environment Habitat in areas close to

violence

Protection against violence

Education Repetition, overage and

have at least 2 or 3 meals a day

(they are "easily avoidable" indicators)

school dropouts

computer, landline, cellphone, Internet

and type of housing

landfill, likely to flood, do not have a regular waste collection service

Verbal and physical

the capacity of the mentioned indicators to communicate about the policies of the bodies/ emotions that are configured as conditions of possibility—as territory—for the (possible) processes of socialization distributing a sensation: impossibility. In this context, it is necessary to ask ourselves about what possibilities of socialization, of "incorporation," are linked to the existence of subjects who, for example, have not received the amount of basic nutrients for their development in their first years of life.
