Preface

Chapter 8 **Entrepreneurship and Interdisciplinary School Projects of**

Chapter 9 **The Hijab as Gift: Mechanisms of Community Socialisation in**

Chapter 10 **How Do Social Values and Norms Affect Architecture of the**

**"123 Emprender" Program 141**

**the Muslim Diaspora 155** Anna-Mari Almila and David Inglis

**Turkish House? 171** Nevnihal Erdoğan

**VI** Contents

Canales-Poo and Alejandra Gallo-Poblete

**Vulnerable Students in Santiago de Chile: Experiences from the**

Marianela Denegri-Coria, Pamela Salazar-Valenzuela, Pamela

This is the first book that highlights how socialization is experienced as being a complex con‐ cept in everyday life in various countries of the world.

It represents the first attempt to provide an original and multidimensional definition of sociali‐ zation that takes into account the contribution of different disciplines, such as cultural anthro‐ pology, philosophy, psychology, sociology, education, and even architecture, to underline the importance of socialization as a key aspect of human experience. The authors, representing dif‐ ferent countries, offer original contributions to develop new perspectives in the field of sociali‐ zation, with their ideas, theories, researches, scientific results, and discussions.

The first chapter of the book is on the interesting theoretical perspective of analyzing the process of socialization. It shows how socialization is a process of acquiring the societal culture and has rational and irrational sides. The rational side is revealed when an individual develops the ability to reflect the world discretely, normatively, through symbols, and, thus, reflexively. The irration‐ al side represents a process of transforming the original extrasubjective needs of the individual in emotional satisfaction into the orientation toward the experience of certain emotional states con‐ nected with the possibilities of satisfying the needs in the conditions of a particular society and culture. It underlines how the socialization processes, in the emergence of the socially deter‐ mined and latent, although contradictory levels in the value orientation system, are expressed.

The second chapter shows how the transitivity crisis situation in the world can have a particu‐ larly negative impact on socialization in a multicultural space, associated with various prob‐ lems, e.g., in the uncertainty and destruction of identity and multiplicity, with difficulties in the socialization processes. Challenges and consequences of sociopsychological transitivity are ana‐ lyzed in relation to ethnic identification based on native, rather than the most commonly used language, with an idealized attitude toward their ethnos, which lead to ethnocentrism, and a negative attitude toward alien nations.

The third chapter describes the theoretical background underlying the collaborative work and overviews the recent studies concerning social skills, especially from a psychological point of view. In addition, it demonstrates the psychological effect of collaborative block creation; col‐ laborative LEGO block creation works as a medium of communication in group therapy for developing social skills and trust.

The fourth chapter reviews the research on gamification approach in education and socializa‐ tion. It shows that different activities, that could affect success in online environments, are es‐ sential. These activities must be integrating them into the educational environment, supported by theories appropriate for students' ages, so as not to lose their motivation.

The fifth chapter addresses the socialization processes for the development of empathy, sympa‐ thy, and prosocial behaviors in children and adolescents. It shows how parents can model their children to exhibit empathy, sympathy, and prosocial behavior. With their own perspectives, sympathy, and feelings, parents contribute to prosocial development in their children.

The sixth chapter, through the description of an Italian pilot school project *Mediamente Bullo*, examines how the integrated application of two tools in the socialization processes, the empa‐ thy, ability to share and understand emotional states of others, and the mediation, useful to cope with interpersonal conflicts, can prevent bullying.

The seventh chapter describes the central features of some conditions that enable the socializa‐ tion of children and adolescents in Argentina as a possible example of them in the Global South, from the perspective of sociology of the body/emotion. Authors look at the phenomenon of socialization in an "oblique" way and try to look at how certain *practices of feeling* that are constituted as conditions of possibility/impossibility for the processes from which the dialectic relationship of "becoming part of a society" is structured in the societies of the Global South.

The eighth chapter shows experiences from 123 Emprender Program, an interdisciplinary school project, which provide opportunities to vulnerable students in Santiago of Chile.

It describes, in detail, how financial and entrepreneurial education can be added in different curricular programs to develop basic skills to promote financial knowledge, economic and fi‐ nancial concepts, and entrepreneurial skills in children, for developing a new form of collabora‐ tive work in the socialization processes.

The ninth chapter considers how socialization of individuals with Islamic belief and observance operates in relation to the socialization of women of Islamic religious observance in a contem‐ porary north-west European context as Finland. The chapter focuses on how the means of sar‐ torial products, available thanks the globalized Islamic fashion industry, are used to encourage females to adopt a certain kind of practices, which are thought to be expressive of the religious norms of a community.

The tenth chapter describes the relationship between social, cultural, and religious traditions and the architecture of vernacular housing. It also represents a search for answers as to how the Turkish cultural traditions of the traditional Turkish family, beliefs, values, and rituals influ‐ ence the housing architecture. It shows the relationship between the house form and sociocul‐ tural factors, architectural artifacts selected or devised by a culture, architectural values, social norms, and social values.

This book offers an excellent synopsis and an interesting expression of different theoretical ideas, structures, empirical evidences, and international references. Therefore, this book repre‐ sents an extraordinary opportunity to outline new horizons on socialization topic.

*Man is always something more than what he knows of himself. He is not what he is simply once for all, but is a process*…—Karl Jaspers

> **Rosalba Morese, PhD** Faculty of Communication Sciences Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland

> > **Sara Palermo, PhD** Department of Psychology University of Turin, Turin, Italy

**Chapter 1**

**Provisional chapter**

**Socialization from the Point of View of**

**Socialization from the Point of View of** 

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.74130

theory of rationality, reflexivity

**1. Introduction**

**Rationality**

**Rationality**

Dmitry O. Trufanov

Dmitry O. Trufanov

**Abstract**

**Postnonclassical (Universum) Sociological Theory of**

**Postnonclassical (Universum) Sociological Theory of** 

The chapter is focused on the theoretical perspective of analyzing the process of socialization from the standpoint of the postnonclassical (universum) rationality theory. Rationality is defined as the cognitive self-reference of a society, a recursive layer of social reality, reflecting its existence and development via the means of consciousness and thinking. Socialization is considered as a process of mastering culture, the former having rational and irrational sides. The rational side is connected with the individual's acquisition of the ability to reflect reality discretely, normatively, symbolically, and reflexively. These abilities are necessary conditions to enter the world of human society culture. The irrational side is expressed in the process of the needs' socialization, during which the individual's extra-subjective needs in emotional satisfaction are transformed into orientations toward experiencing certain emotional states associated with the possibilities of satisfying needs in a particular society and culture. An important result of the socialization process is the formation of a system of the individual's value orientations. The rational level of this system consists of orientations that have become the subject of the individual's conscious choice. The irrational level consists of orientations to value experiences; these are the indi-

**Keywords:** rationality, socialization, postnonclassical approach, universum, sociological

Socialization in the broader meaning is the process of absorbing the culture of a particular society which is done by the individual during his/her whole life. Such an understanding

vidual's emotional experiences of his/her relationships with reality.

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.74130

**Juri Nervo, BSc** Essere Umani - Onlus, SoStare Center, Turin, Italy

#### **Socialization from the Point of View of Postnonclassical (Universum) Sociological Theory of Rationality Socialization from the Point of View of Postnonclassical (Universum) Sociological Theory of Rationality**

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.74130

#### Dmitry O. Trufanov Dmitry O. Trufanov

The sixth chapter, through the description of an Italian pilot school project *Mediamente Bullo*, examines how the integrated application of two tools in the socialization processes, the empa‐ thy, ability to share and understand emotional states of others, and the mediation, useful to

The seventh chapter describes the central features of some conditions that enable the socializa‐ tion of children and adolescents in Argentina as a possible example of them in the Global South, from the perspective of sociology of the body/emotion. Authors look at the phenomenon of socialization in an "oblique" way and try to look at how certain *practices of feeling* that are constituted as conditions of possibility/impossibility for the processes from which the dialectic relationship of "becoming part of a society" is structured in the societies of the Global South. The eighth chapter shows experiences from 123 Emprender Program, an interdisciplinary school project, which provide opportunities to vulnerable students in Santiago of Chile.

It describes, in detail, how financial and entrepreneurial education can be added in different curricular programs to develop basic skills to promote financial knowledge, economic and fi‐ nancial concepts, and entrepreneurial skills in children, for developing a new form of collabora‐

The ninth chapter considers how socialization of individuals with Islamic belief and observance operates in relation to the socialization of women of Islamic religious observance in a contem‐ porary north-west European context as Finland. The chapter focuses on how the means of sar‐ torial products, available thanks the globalized Islamic fashion industry, are used to encourage females to adopt a certain kind of practices, which are thought to be expressive of the religious

The tenth chapter describes the relationship between social, cultural, and religious traditions and the architecture of vernacular housing. It also represents a search for answers as to how the Turkish cultural traditions of the traditional Turkish family, beliefs, values, and rituals influ‐ ence the housing architecture. It shows the relationship between the house form and sociocul‐ tural factors, architectural artifacts selected or devised by a culture, architectural values, social

This book offers an excellent synopsis and an interesting expression of different theoretical ideas, structures, empirical evidences, and international references. Therefore, this book repre‐

*Man is always something more than what he knows of himself. He is not what he is simply once for all,*

**Rosalba Morese, PhD**

**Sara Palermo, PhD** Department of Psychology University of Turin, Turin, Italy

**Juri Nervo, BSc**

Faculty of Communication Sciences

Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland

Essere Umani - Onlus, SoStare Center, Turin, Italy

sents an extraordinary opportunity to outline new horizons on socialization topic.

cope with interpersonal conflicts, can prevent bullying.

tive work in the socialization processes.

norms of a community.

VIII Preface

norms, and social values.

*but is a process*…—Karl Jaspers

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.74130

#### **Abstract**

The chapter is focused on the theoretical perspective of analyzing the process of socialization from the standpoint of the postnonclassical (universum) rationality theory. Rationality is defined as the cognitive self-reference of a society, a recursive layer of social reality, reflecting its existence and development via the means of consciousness and thinking. Socialization is considered as a process of mastering culture, the former having rational and irrational sides. The rational side is connected with the individual's acquisition of the ability to reflect reality discretely, normatively, symbolically, and reflexively. These abilities are necessary conditions to enter the world of human society culture. The irrational side is expressed in the process of the needs' socialization, during which the individual's extra-subjective needs in emotional satisfaction are transformed into orientations toward experiencing certain emotional states associated with the possibilities of satisfying needs in a particular society and culture. An important result of the socialization process is the formation of a system of the individual's value orientations. The rational level of this system consists of orientations that have become the subject of the individual's conscious choice. The irrational level consists of orientations to value experiences; these are the individual's emotional experiences of his/her relationships with reality.

**Keywords:** rationality, socialization, postnonclassical approach, universum, sociological theory of rationality, reflexivity

#### **1. Introduction**

Socialization in the broader meaning is the process of absorbing the culture of a particular society which is done by the individual during his/her whole life. Such an understanding

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

of socialization can be traced in various sociological approaches to its explanation. During the socialization process, the individual acquires a set of supra-biological behavioral programs that form and support the social order of a particular society and its constituent parts. This social process's effectiveness depends largely on the stability of the social order, the ability, and the willingness of the society members to comply with the underlying norms and rules.

school, well-established in the traditions of Russian social and philosophical thought. The author of this approach is Prof. V.G. Nemirovsky, who presented the main theoretical prin-

Socialization from the Point of View of Postnonclassical (Universum) Sociological Theory…

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.74130

3

Within the framework of the universum approach, the author of this chapter proposes a postnonclassical (universum) sociological theory of rationality [5, 6]. The basic notions in this theory that are necessary to explain the culture of society and socialization as culture mastering process are "rationality" and "irrationality" (here, we introduce the notions but the basic postulates of the conception will be described in more detail in the section "Theoretical

Rationality in this theory means the *cognitive self-reference of the human society or its constituent parts* (social groups, institutions, and organizations). "Cognitive self-reference" implies the process which is used by any society in the course of its existence and development to generate a recursive layer of reality, reflecting the very existence of society through various symbolic systems. These are symbols of natural or artificial language, which are represented at the level of collective consciousness, e.g., verbally formulated norms and rules of social behavior, knowledge, and collective opinions, and values expressed in various symbols and operating in diverse spheres of human activity—science, religion, professional activity, and in everyday life. This recursive layer is a symbolic expression of the space of culture of

Irrationality from the point of view of our approach is *a set of extra-cognitive (inconscient) components of social behavior that go beyond any verbal and symbolic shape*. These components are emotional states, effects, habits, and other behavioral phenomena that do not become the subject of the individuals' reflexive activity, though they appear and become significant for the individual in the process of social and group interactions. In society, they are represented at the level of the social unconsciousness [7]. Researchers call these components using different terms: collective feelings [8], emotional values [9], implicit underlying assumptions [10],

In the light of postnonclassical (universum) sociological theory of rationality, socialization is a process involving rational and irrational components. The rational components differ and in that they are apprehended by a social subject and expressed through a natural or artificial language, while the irrational components do not become an object of apprehension and have no symbolic expression. For example, the rational component of any social organization (university, supermarket, sports school, industrial enterprise, etc.) is presented in the form of charters, documents, instructions, regulations, orders, collective opinions, and other symbolic expressions that shape the existence and development of the organization. The irrational component of a social organization is expressed in the emotions, feelings, senses of its members that they experience in relation to this very organization: its goals, its functioning and corporate norms, their own status in the organization, and other aspects. Both rational

In our approach, socialization is a process involving rational and irrational components. The rational component is connected with the internalization of the symbolically designed and

and irrational components affect the behavior of the organization members.

ciples of this paradigm in his publications [3, 4].

approach").

human society.

value experiences [11], etc.

In a narrower meaning, socialization is an instrument of including the individual in various social spaces—organizations, groups, and communities. The condition to be abode by the individual to enter a particular social space is his/her acceptance of a certain behavioral culture—norms and rules that ensures social order and regulates social processes in this space.

Along with this, socialization is a part of any social technology aimed at creating a certain social behavior of specific target groups or communities. As a part of social technology, socialization is a purposeful fostering of values, norms, meanings in a specific target social group with the goal of forming certain patterns of response to any social incentives. These patterns are advertising campaigns designed to generate demand for various goods and services in target audiences; political campaigns that shape the electorate's political behavior to support a particular politician; social technologies for the creation and awakening of protest groups in different countries in order to perturb political elites of these states. To make buyers choose a particular product or service on a regular basis, to make the electorate support a certain candidate for political office, and to make the protesters actively express their dissatisfaction with the current power in the state, these groups of people should be socialized in certain systems of values and norms that are to start regulating their behavior.

Thus, the term "socialization" expresses both the general process of the individual's entry into the world of human society culture and concrete ways of including the individual in various subcultural spaces with specific norms and values. In all these cases, socialization acts as a process of certain cultural content internalization; in other words, this content is a set of norms and values that guide the individuals' social behavior.

*The key feature of the human society culture, from our point of view, is its rationality. It is this feature that distinguishes the world of human culture from the world of nature, human society from other associations. In this connection, socialization is the process of mastering rationality, which is similar to mastering culture***.**

To discuss this thesis in detail, the rationality must be defined and its essential features must be revealed. Here, we encounter the most complex theoretical problem—the task of understanding and interpretation of "rationality" as a category. In this chapter, I did not set the task to analyze critically various sociological concepts of rationality, since they have been sufficiently covered in the precedent publications [1, 2]. In this chapter, I will pay attention to the new theoretical approach that can be productive in focusing both on studying rationality through sociology and a traditional sociological problem such as the socialization process. This approach is the universal (universum) sociological theory, based on the principles of postnonclassical approach in sociology. This theory is a product of the Russian scientific school, well-established in the traditions of Russian social and philosophical thought. The author of this approach is Prof. V.G. Nemirovsky, who presented the main theoretical principles of this paradigm in his publications [3, 4].

of socialization can be traced in various sociological approaches to its explanation. During the socialization process, the individual acquires a set of supra-biological behavioral programs that form and support the social order of a particular society and its constituent parts. This social process's effectiveness depends largely on the stability of the social order, the ability, and the willingness of the society members to comply with the underlying

In a narrower meaning, socialization is an instrument of including the individual in various social spaces—organizations, groups, and communities. The condition to be abode by the individual to enter a particular social space is his/her acceptance of a certain behavioral culture—norms and rules that ensures social order and regulates social processes in this

Along with this, socialization is a part of any social technology aimed at creating a certain social behavior of specific target groups or communities. As a part of social technology, socialization is a purposeful fostering of values, norms, meanings in a specific target social group with the goal of forming certain patterns of response to any social incentives. These patterns are advertising campaigns designed to generate demand for various goods and services in target audiences; political campaigns that shape the electorate's political behavior to support a particular politician; social technologies for the creation and awakening of protest groups in different countries in order to perturb political elites of these states. To make buyers choose a particular product or service on a regular basis, to make the electorate support a certain candidate for political office, and to make the protesters actively express their dissatisfaction with the current power in the state, these groups of people should be socialized in certain systems

Thus, the term "socialization" expresses both the general process of the individual's entry into the world of human society culture and concrete ways of including the individual in various subcultural spaces with specific norms and values. In all these cases, socialization acts as a process of certain cultural content internalization; in other words, this content is a set of

*The key feature of the human society culture, from our point of view, is its rationality. It is this feature that distinguishes the world of human culture from the world of nature, human society from other associations. In this connection, socialization is the process of mastering rationality, which is* 

To discuss this thesis in detail, the rationality must be defined and its essential features must be revealed. Here, we encounter the most complex theoretical problem—the task of understanding and interpretation of "rationality" as a category. In this chapter, I did not set the task to analyze critically various sociological concepts of rationality, since they have been sufficiently covered in the precedent publications [1, 2]. In this chapter, I will pay attention to the new theoretical approach that can be productive in focusing both on studying rationality through sociology and a traditional sociological problem such as the socialization process. This approach is the universal (universum) sociological theory, based on the principles of postnonclassical approach in sociology. This theory is a product of the Russian scientific

of values and norms that are to start regulating their behavior.

norms and values that guide the individuals' social behavior.

*similar to mastering culture***.**

norms and rules.

2 Socialization - A Multidimensional Perspective

space.

Within the framework of the universum approach, the author of this chapter proposes a postnonclassical (universum) sociological theory of rationality [5, 6]. The basic notions in this theory that are necessary to explain the culture of society and socialization as culture mastering process are "rationality" and "irrationality" (here, we introduce the notions but the basic postulates of the conception will be described in more detail in the section "Theoretical approach").

Rationality in this theory means the *cognitive self-reference of the human society or its constituent parts* (social groups, institutions, and organizations). "Cognitive self-reference" implies the process which is used by any society in the course of its existence and development to generate a recursive layer of reality, reflecting the very existence of society through various symbolic systems. These are symbols of natural or artificial language, which are represented at the level of collective consciousness, e.g., verbally formulated norms and rules of social behavior, knowledge, and collective opinions, and values expressed in various symbols and operating in diverse spheres of human activity—science, religion, professional activity, and in everyday life. This recursive layer is a symbolic expression of the space of culture of human society.

Irrationality from the point of view of our approach is *a set of extra-cognitive (inconscient) components of social behavior that go beyond any verbal and symbolic shape*. These components are emotional states, effects, habits, and other behavioral phenomena that do not become the subject of the individuals' reflexive activity, though they appear and become significant for the individual in the process of social and group interactions. In society, they are represented at the level of the social unconsciousness [7]. Researchers call these components using different terms: collective feelings [8], emotional values [9], implicit underlying assumptions [10], value experiences [11], etc.

In the light of postnonclassical (universum) sociological theory of rationality, socialization is a process involving rational and irrational components. The rational components differ and in that they are apprehended by a social subject and expressed through a natural or artificial language, while the irrational components do not become an object of apprehension and have no symbolic expression. For example, the rational component of any social organization (university, supermarket, sports school, industrial enterprise, etc.) is presented in the form of charters, documents, instructions, regulations, orders, collective opinions, and other symbolic expressions that shape the existence and development of the organization. The irrational component of a social organization is expressed in the emotions, feelings, senses of its members that they experience in relation to this very organization: its goals, its functioning and corporate norms, their own status in the organization, and other aspects. Both rational and irrational components affect the behavior of the organization members.

In our approach, socialization is a process involving rational and irrational components. The rational component is connected with the internalization of the symbolically designed and expressed in the language products of the activity of society culture. During this process, the individual's consciousness forms some structures through which he/she acquires the ability to reflect reality cognitively.

targets, truth, autonomy of the acting subject, etc. [14]. Consequently, the rationality reduction to one or another of the above-mentioned characteristics in many cases does not stand up to

Socialization from the Point of View of Postnonclassical (Universum) Sociological Theory…

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5

Thus, sociology formed theoretical pluralism in solving the problem of rationality, when there are simultaneous and different, often conflicting, explicit schemes that use different terminology systems to describe rationality. In the context of conflicting characteristics and explicit schemes of rationality, the scientific status of the "rationality" concept is blurred: it becomes an instrument of subjective assessments of certain phenomena and facts as positive or negative. The category "rational" then expresses positive assessments, and the category "irrational" expresses the negative ones [15–18]. It is natural that under these circumstances, rationality is declared a pseudo-conceptual notion that expresses not the object's properties but its significance in the human dimension of reality [19], while the ultimate result of the

To overcome these difficulties, we should take an advantage of modern cognitive models that marked the transition of sociology to the postnonclassical stage of development. Such is the diatropic cognitive model [22], which was included in the theoretical foundation of the universum sociological paradigm [23]. This paradigm was introduced by Nemirovsky and has been developing within his scientific school. Social reality is considered here *as a garden, a fair* in which all possible objects and processes are presented in their diversity. Through the comparison of the most diverse objects of reality, the diatropic approach explores the general properties of these varieties and finds out "refrains" [24], the invariant qualities inherent in all the objects being compared. The result is knowledge about the general properties of various objects. This knowledge reveals the patterns of these objects' existence and development.

Later in this section of the chapter, I will use a more complex scientific language. It allows us to reduce the text volume and briefly describe the main theoretical positions, from the point of which the process of socialization will be examined in the next section of the chapter. For more detailed acquaintance with these theoretical provisions and their justification, the interested reader can refer to the author's previous publications, the references to which are given

Based on the application of the diatropic cognitive model to the study of various objects, Nemirovsky formulated the diatropic principle of a minimal universum with a minimum number of characteristics necessary to describe the structure and dynamics of any developing system [25]. According to a brief summary of this principle, *any developing system* relies on two polar (complementary) elements; in the development process, it forms three hierarchical levels, each of which passes at least five stages and forms seven evolutionary strata in the process of change. Within the framework of this approach, we offer a universum sociological theory of rationality, which sets prerequisites to regard socialization as a social process further. The rationale for this theory was thoroughly analyzed in our previous papers; so here, I will give

A diatropic analysis of various concepts of rationality makes it possible to distinguish the characteristic of the *cognitive shape of the reality contents* as an invariant trait that in one form or another is present in all rationality conceptions. To prove this, it is sufficient to consider all the

only its main points, which are crucial background for our study.

criticism: the choice of attributes is often arbitrary based on a priori knowledge.

study of the rationality problem is its debatability [20, 21].

at the end of the chapter.

The irrational component is in the process of the individual's appropriation of special emotional states, when the initial needs for emotional satisfaction, inherent in a person as a representative of the biological species, are transformed into specific orientations toward absolutely precise values [11]. This is the process known in sociology and psychology as the needs' socialization. Even Plato once mentioned this process in his philosophical works: "Thirsting itself will never be a desire for anything other than that of which it naturally is a desire – for drink, and hunger itself is a natural desire to eat," and further: "Every desire itself is directed only at what in each individual case corresponds to its nature. Desire for such and only such quality is something adscititious" [12]. Thus, in the course of socialization, the individual becomes oriented toward certain forms and methods of satisfying needs. For example, the need for an experience of satiety with food, initially nonobjective in an infant, during the socialization process is transformed in the orientation toward the craving for certain dishes that are cooked in a particular culture.

Thus, during the socialization process, the individual irrationally develops orientations toward value experiences related to the corresponding needs, be they physiological, social, or spiritual. On one hand, they are preconditioned by the individual's inner motivations and personal characteristics, and on the other hand, by the social circumstances, the peculiarities of the culture in which the individual acts. Value orientations differ in direction and have a direct impact on the individual's social behavior.

Later in this chapter, we will discuss the theoretical perspective of considering socialization from the standpoint of the postnonclassical (universum) sociological theory of rationality. In the author's opinion, the conclusions drawn allow presenting the socialization process more thoroughly—in the unity of rational and irrational components.
