**5. Value orientations as the socialization effect**

One of the key effects of socialization is the formation of the individual's system of value orientations.

From the point of view of the postnonclassical (universum) approach, the system of the individual's value orientations looks as follows: **Table 1** [46]. The core of the system of value orientations has two interacting elements—rational (conscious) and irrational (unconscious) components. The system forms three levels of orientations: organic orientations based on vital human needs; social orientations based on the individual's social needs, and spiritual orientations based on the person's yearn for creativity and self-realization.

The system of value orientations is characterized by the existence of seven successively realized layers (levels). The orientation of each layer (level) is based on the corresponding class of needs. The content of the table layers and the classification of needs are given in accordance with Maslow's hierarchically constructed groups.

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**Table 1.** The system of human value orientations.

product of the mutual reflection of social actors carried out through meaningful symbols. In the process of such reflection, one takes the role of the other, which means the process of successively developing stages—games and competitions. As a result, there appears a reflexive

Similarly, the self is conceived in the theory of the "looking-glass self" by Cooley: the determining meaning for the formation of the social actor's self is the existence of group assess-

Vygotsky, pointing to the reflexive nature of consciousness, affirms the equality of the mechanisms of self-cognition and the knowledge of others. The individual is aware of oneself insofar as he/she is aware of others, because he/she is aware of himself/herself. Consciousness cannot be directed to itself because it cannot become an irritant to a new reflex. "I am aware of myself only insofar as I am Other to myself, that is I can perceive my own reflexes as new stimuli again and again" [45]. The opportunity to "become Other for oneself" is realized in group interaction—in the cognitive reflection of the actor's behavior in the group members' minds. Thus, consciousness is "a kind of social contact with oneself," a necessary condition of

In general, the reflection at the social group level has a mutually directed character and functions as a self-reproducing and self-developing system. In the course of this process, social norms, group values, behavior patterns, language, traditions, and other components that make up the culture of society are formed and consolidated by linguistic means. The cognitive shape of these conventions (their expression by linguistic means) is a manifestation of rationality. This allows us to define the reflexive process in a social group as the cognitive

Thus, communication in a social group is the basic condition for mastering rationality in the

One of the key effects of socialization is the formation of the individual's system of value

From the point of view of the postnonclassical (universum) approach, the system of the individual's value orientations looks as follows: **Table 1** [46]. The core of the system of value orientations has two interacting elements—rational (conscious) and irrational (unconscious) components. The system forms three levels of orientations: organic orientations based on vital human needs; social orientations based on the individual's social needs, and spiritual orienta-

The system of value orientations is characterized by the existence of seven successively realized layers (levels). The orientation of each layer (level) is based on the corresponding class of needs. The content of the table layers and the classification of needs are given in accordance

set of group conventions that determine the structure of the individual's self [43].

ments and opinions that make the reflective scope of its self-identity [44].

which is social contacts with other actors.

12 Socialization - A Multidimensional Perspective

self-reversal nature of social practice.

**5. Value orientations as the socialization effect**

tions based on the person's yearn for creativity and self-realization.

with Maslow's hierarchically constructed groups.

socialization process.

orientations.

Taking into account the existing criticism of Maslow's needs conception with its mechanistic and incomplete nature, we will give another illustration of the developmental levels of the system of the individual's value orientations. Let us avail Kohlberg's concept of moral development. The researcher marked out the levels of person's moral development based on this person's attitude to life as a value [47]. He is known to distinguish three levels of the personality moral development: pre-conventional (hedonic), conventional, and post-conventional, in fact, representing three hierarchical levels of the minimum universum of the individual's value system. They correspond to the seven evolutionary levels of moral development. In addition, Kohlberg identified a zero level, in its content corresponding to the pre-conventional (materialenergy) level. At the pre-conventional level of moral development, the main determinants of human behavior are individual organic needs. The conventional (functional-organizational) level refers to role conformism, where the key indicators in the choice of behavior are values based on social needs. The post-conventional (informational) level is characterized by the individual's self-sufficiency as regards the moral autonomy (the level of spiritual orientations).

In the course of socialization, two basic parts of value orientations are formed, these are rational and irrational levels.

The rational (reflexive) level of the individual's value orientations is expressed in the individual's conscious choice of the reality objects in the social environment as values. These are "superficial," socially conditioned value preferences at the verbal level of the respondent's consciousness. These preferences, as a rule, express the individual's conscious (rationalized) representations about utility. These representations reflect current social norms operating in the individual's environment and are regulated by the individual's desire to join various social associations through which a person is connected with the society.

The irrational (non-reflective) level of orientations is expressed in the focus on value experiences, meaning the individual's emotional experiences of his/her relationships with reality. This level, in turn, includes two components (levels): socially-determined and latent. The socially determined level displays the orientation toward value experiences, consistent with the existing social norms [48]. It contains experiences that the respondent likes gaining in some way or other. As it was noted by Durkheim, "… the values, which some parties impress us with what is like the imposed reality, at the same time seem to us desirable things, which we sincerely love and which we aspire to" [49]. Positive emotional connotation of these experiences indicates that they are not an obstacle to establishing and improving social contacts, but, on the contrary, they are conditions that allow such contacts to be created, thus being useful to the individual as a social being. At the irrational, socially-determined level of the individual's value orientations, there are experiences of needs for activity, communication, assistance to others, love, reason to live, knowledge, freedom and independence, etc.

Thereupon the problem of the individual's alienation is also demonstrated at the mass level. As shown by the research results, the mass of socially-determined level of orientations of the Russians turns out to be different for different strata and it changes depending on the features of the value-normative environment of various social groups. Practically in all cases presented in the studies, this indicator corresponds to the first evolutionary layer of the value orientations system. These are organic orientations (in terms of Maslow), so life is estimated

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The real mass level of value orientations (a set of socially determined and latent ones), in contrast to socially-determined orientations, has a higher rank and is similar among the representatives of different social groups. This indicator corresponds to the second evolutionary layer of the value orientations system—security needs (Maslow), so human life is important because it is a factor in meeting the needs of other people (Kohlberg). At the same time, the parameter of the socially-determined level of orientations in all cases turns out to be lower

These properties of the real mass level of value orientations, apparently, signal the presence of some basic spectrum of the individual's natural needs for the emotional satisfaction that exist, regardless of the individual's social life conditions. This is a manifestation of the objective natural laws of the supreme maternal system, which includes people as well. Current social norms in society authorize some individual's needs and block the others leading to creating the socio-deterministic and latent levels in the structure of its value orientations, though the

**1.** Socialization is a process of acquiring the societal culture and has rational and irrational sides. The rational side is revealed when an individual develops the ability to reflect the world discretely, normatively, through symbols, and thus, reflexively. These abilities lie in the foundation of the culture creation as a set of supra-biological programs of social behav-

The irrational side of socialization is the socialization of needs. This is a process of transforming the original extra-subjective needs of the individual in emotional satisfaction into the orientation toward the experience of certain emotional states connected with the possibilities of

**2.** A necessary condition for mastering rationality as a specifically human way of the individual's being in a culture is social group interaction. Communication in a social group creates conditions for the development of the individual's abilities to reflect reality discretely, normatively, symbolically and, as a consequence, reflexively. A key role in this process is played by the development of the individual's ability to reflect. This means an ability to isolate oneself from the world and to acquire the cognitive reflexive position in relation to one's own social being.

**3.** The key effect of the socialization process is the formation of the system of value orientations, which include rational and irrational levels. The first of them is expressed in the

ior and are necessary tools for its mastering by a socializing individual.

satisfying the needs in the conditions of a particular society and culture.

relationship between these levels has the character of contradiction.

by the value of things, status, and other personal characteristics (in Kohlberg's terms).

than the parameter of their real mass level.

**6. Summary**

The latent level is associated with orientations inconsistent with the social norm, but fulfilling their functions in the system motivating the individual's social behavior. As values here we have experiences of such needs as need for power, control over others, control over negative emotions, need for a patron, conformist behavior, etc. These emotional values, rooted in the person's mental reality in the form of actual needs, are evaluated negatively from the standpoint of current social norms. In this regard, they hinder effective social interactions, i.e., act as though useless. The latter factor causes the displacement of these orientations to the latent level of the individual's value-need system. This is the psychological mechanism of repression, well known in the psychoanalytic tradition [50].

This correlation of the socially determined and latent levels of the system of the individual's value orientations allows us to clarify at the structural level the idea expressed by Gouldner regarding the problem of a person's alienating in the culture of utilitarianism: "Everything in a person that is not useful must be somehow excluded, or at least it should not manifested, and therefore a person is alienated or detached from a wide range of his/her own interests, needs and abilities" [51]. Thus, as Gouldner concludes, it is formed "unwanted self" as an alienated part of the individual's personal reality.

Orientations at the rational and irrational levels often do not correspond to each other and, moreover, contradict. This contradiction is the essence of the phenomenon of personal alienation from society and himself/herself. This alienation is rooted in the structure of the individual's value orientations. Social norms that are accepted in society or in certain social groups prescribe to the individual certain patterns of normative behavior. At the same time, the orientations at the latent irrational level manifest themselves, forcing the individual to violate normative behavior patterns in various forms of deviant behavior.

Thereby, in addition to the individual's acquaintance with the world of culture, socialization produces the effect of a personal alienating from oneself. At the level of the individual's value of orientations, this effect shows itself in the existence of socially determined and latent levels of orientations, which have a different relation to existing social norms. The socially determined level of orientations reflects the current norms in the society, while the latent one is based on the individual personal needs whose opportunities to be satisfied are either blocked or severely regulated by society.

Thereupon the problem of the individual's alienation is also demonstrated at the mass level. As shown by the research results, the mass of socially-determined level of orientations of the Russians turns out to be different for different strata and it changes depending on the features of the value-normative environment of various social groups. Practically in all cases presented in the studies, this indicator corresponds to the first evolutionary layer of the value orientations system. These are organic orientations (in terms of Maslow), so life is estimated by the value of things, status, and other personal characteristics (in Kohlberg's terms).

The real mass level of value orientations (a set of socially determined and latent ones), in contrast to socially-determined orientations, has a higher rank and is similar among the representatives of different social groups. This indicator corresponds to the second evolutionary layer of the value orientations system—security needs (Maslow), so human life is important because it is a factor in meeting the needs of other people (Kohlberg). At the same time, the parameter of the socially-determined level of orientations in all cases turns out to be lower than the parameter of their real mass level.

These properties of the real mass level of value orientations, apparently, signal the presence of some basic spectrum of the individual's natural needs for the emotional satisfaction that exist, regardless of the individual's social life conditions. This is a manifestation of the objective natural laws of the supreme maternal system, which includes people as well. Current social norms in society authorize some individual's needs and block the others leading to creating the socio-deterministic and latent levels in the structure of its value orientations, though the relationship between these levels has the character of contradiction.
