**Acknowledgements**

This work was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI No. 24390403, 26670791, and 15H05008) and by The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan to Teiji Sawa. The research studies associated with this chapter were carried out in the University of California San Francisco (UCSF) when Teiji Sawa was an Anesthesia/UCSF faculty member, under the generous support of Dara W. Frank, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, and Jeanine P. Wiener-Kronish, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital.
