**9. Equipment**

skeletal muscle into the circulation after a bout of exercise, which then travels to the cardio-

In Parkinson's disease patients, aerobic exercise training [28] may be altering central nervous system pathways that regulate the physiologic or cognitive processes controlling olfaction [41]. In spinal cord injury patients, the exercise training has been considered to improve spinal cord function not only through enhancement, compensation, and replacement of the remaining function of nerve and muscle but also improve the function in different levels from end‐ effector organ such as skeletal muscle to cerebral cortex through reshaping skeletal muscle structure and muscle fiber type, regulating physiological and metabolic function of motor

**7. New biomarkers capable of evaluating exercise performance capacity** 

**1.** Blood biomarkers—include glutamine, glutamate, cortisol, IL‐6, testosterone, cholesterol, glucose, leptin, cortisol, ACTH, hematocrit, hemoglobin, norepinephrine, epinephrine, im-

**2.** Physiological measurements—include resting heart rate, resting systolic blood pressure,

**3.** Psychological measurements—include mood states for tension, fatigue, confusion, reaction time, vigor, anger, and depression. Such parameters may reflect a highly individual nature of the psychological response to overtraining. However, a trend for impaired sleep patterns, increased wakefulness, decrements and stability in sleep quality and increased

miRNAs meet most of the requirements for good biomarkers, such as easily accessible sample collection, minimally invasive and remarkable stability in body fluids. In addition, miRNAs affect many processes and play a crucial role not only in cell differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis, but also affect extracellular matrix composition and maintaining processes of homeostasis. They play significant role in the regulation of physiological adaptation to exercise, such as skeletal muscle and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, mitochondrial biogenesis,

Some patients may perform the prescribed exercise program too hard leading to overtraining [43, 44]. Such overload can result in fatigue and acute decreases in performance either directly

myocytes to suppress fibrotic markers and reduce cardiac hypertrophy.

neurons in the spinal cord and remodeling function of the cerebral cortex [42].

**6.7. Mechanisms that treat neurological patients**

munological parameters, and creatinine kinase.

vascular angiogenesis and metabolic processes [33].

**8. Early detection of overtraining**

and resting diastolic blood pressure but not heart rate variability.

**and progress in training**

88 Clinical Physical Therapy

levels of stress may be observed.

There are many kinds of equipment for exercise therapy including [7]:

	- To improve mobility of the soft tissues.
	- To reduce muscle spasm and pain under abnormal conditions.
