**1. Introduction**

Climate change is emerging as a major threat on agriculture, livelihood and food security of millions of people in many places of the world [1]. At the same time, many current farming practices damage the environment and are a major source of major greenhouse gases (GHGs),

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2017 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

that is, carbon dioxide (CO2 ), methane and nitrous oxide. Annual anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that are classified in Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports as originating in 'agriculture, forestry and other land use' (AFOLU) are caused mainly by deforestation, rice cultivation practices, livestock production, soil and nutrient management. It has been estimated that AFOLU contributes to 21% of total global emission. By Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) estimates, emissions from AFOLU stood at 10.6 Gigatonnes (Gt) of carbon dioxide equivalent in the year 2014. Large deforestation and land degradation have also reduced the carbon sequestration capacity from the atmosphere. Forestry, agriculture and land use accounts for 49 and 30% of total emission of carbon dioxide and methane, respectively. The share of nitrous oxide in total AFOLU emissions is small, but accounts for as much as 75% of global anthropogenic emissions of the gas. Forests play impor‐ tant role in climate mitigation by removing a large amount of GHG from the atmosphere. However, the average contribution of forests in carbon sequestration has fallen from 2.8 Gt annually in the 1990s to 2.3 Gt in the 2000s and is estimated at 1.8 Gt in 2014 [2].

Worldwide, more than a billion of farmers and their families face a great challenge of climate change because agriculture sector is the most vulnerable sector for climate change. Thus, their lives and livelihoods are directly affected by climate change, so there is an urgent need to implement many of the solutions to overcome this problem. Despite the attention paid to agri‐ cultural development and food security over the past decades, there are still about 800 million undernourished and 1 billion malnourished people in the world. At the same time, more than 1.4 billion adults are overweight and one‐third of all food produced is wasted. Before 2050, the global population is expected to swell to more than 9.7 billion people [3]. At the same time, global food consumption trends are drastically changing, for example, increasing demand for meat‐rich diets. If the current trends in consumption patterns and food waste continue, it is estimated that we will require 60% more food production by 2050 [4]. The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) estimated that by 2050 about 50 million more people could be at a risk of undernourishment because of climate change.
