**4. Internet of Everything (IoE)**

The Internet of Everything (IoE) concept is a fairly new concept that was developed by Gartner in 2015, and there is still confusion about the difference between IoE and IoT [30]. The IoE as defined in Ref. [30] is "bringing together people, process, data, and things to make networked connections more relevant and valuable than ever before-turning information into actions that create new capabilities, richer experiences, and unprecedented economic opportunity for businesses, individuals, and countries" [30]. IoE definition means "connecting people in more relevant ways, converting data into intelligence to make better decisions, processing this data and delivering the right information to the right person at the right time, and connecting things which denote any physical devices or objects connected to the Internet or to each other for intelligent decision making" [30]. In other words, IoE describes an environment where many objects are identified, sensed through the use of sensors to detect their status and measure their conditions, and connected over public/private networks using specific standard/ proprietary protocols [30]. The IoE is a term describing the intelligence added to every device in order to give it some added functionalities, the device could be any of the following: smartwatches, smart appliances, smart beds, health monitoring devices, smart connected cars, and others [31]. The difference between IoE and IoT is that IoE consists of four parts: "people," "process," "data," and "things" and builds on top of IoT, which consists of one part, which is "things" [30].

As reported by Cisco "IoE is capable of helping organizations achieve many public-policy goals, including increased economic growth and improvements in environmental sustainability, public safety and security, delivery of government services, and productivity" [32]. Also, Cisco reported in [32] the five drivers of IoE value for the public sector which are (1) "*employee productivity"* consisting of "improved labor effectiveness for new and existing services" [32], (2) "*connected militarized defense"* consisting of "improved situational awareness and connected command centers, vehicles, and supplies" [32], (3) "*cost reduction"* consisting of " improved labor efficiency and reduced operational costs" [32], (4) "*citizen experience"* consisting of "shorter search times; improved environment; better health outcomes" [32], and (5) "*increased revenue"* consisting of "improved ability to match supply with demand; improved monitoring and compliance" [32]. Cisco CEO, John Chambers, believes that "IoE will have a dramatic impact on everything from city planning, first responders, military, health, and dozens of other environments" [32].

IoE is believed to "extend the IoT emphasis on machine-to-machine (M2M) communications to describe a more complex system that also encompasses machine-to-people (M2P) and technology-assisted people-to-people (P2P) interactions" [2]. IoT and M2M are often considered synonymous and sometimes used interchangeably; however, IoT refers to "connection of systems and devices to the broader Internet" [2, 33].
