**Controlled Functionalization of Graphene Layers**

Maurizio Galimberti, Vincenzina Barbera and

Annalisa Sironi

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/67630

#### **Abstract**

Controlled functionalization of graphene layers is one of the most important research objectives in the material chemistry. A well established procedure is the oxidation with strong acids and oxidizing agents often in harsh and dangerous reaction condi‐ tions giving products of unknown precise structure. In this chapter, the controlled functionalization of graphene layers with a derivative of serinol is presented, avoid‐ ing toxic reagents and dangerous reaction conditions. The derivative is the bio‐based serinol pyrrole, obtained through the neat reaction of serinol with 2,5‐hexanedione; the graphitic substrate was high surface area graphite (HSAG) with high‐shape anisot‐ ropy. The functionalization reaction, characterized by a 85% atomic efficiency (water is the only by‐product), evolved with high yields leading to functionalized graphene lay‐ ers through the controlled introduction of oxygen and nitrogen‐containing functional groups. Sustainable processes were adopted, such as ball milling and heating. The mechanism pathway, the characterization of HSAG and reaction products through a wide range of analytical methods, some successful applications of the adducts are discussed in this chapter. The functionalization left the bulk crystalline structure of the layers substantially unaltered. Stable dispersions in water and eco‐friendly solvents were prepared.

**Keywords:** graphene, functionalization, serinol derivative

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