**Acknowledgements**

**Score**

160 Pure and Applied Biogeography

1930

1940

landscape of West Usambara Mountain, Tanzania.

1950

Usambara Mountains of Tanzania (Source: Meliyo et al. [58]).

1960

1970

**Year**

1980

1990

**Figure 6.** Plot of deviance residuals from GLM fitted to establish factors influencing plant species distribution along the

**Figure 7.** Historical account of human population pressure influence to the natural resources degradation West

1998

Human population Crop yields Natural forests Fodder availability Soil erosion W ater sources Exotic trees growing Fruit trees growing

> This project was funded by VLIR, Belgium, Ministry of Agriculture Food Security and Cooperative, Tanzania, and African Highland Initiatives (AHI). The authors would like to acknowledge many people in Lushoto District who facilitated in different ways the work including the Lushoto District Executive Director, District Agricultural and Livestock Development Officer and The Sebastian Kolowa Memorial University where the team camped for years.
