**5. Sustainable agriculture**

The creation of a sustainable and adaptable agriculture is not merely a technological issue, but it is necessary to rethink the whole natural and socioeconomic system related to agriculture from biological, geographical, and human ecological approaches [41].

Sustainable agriculture means a production system where


The presently dominant conventional agriculture is obviously unable to meet these conditions as agriculture [42]


For the development of sustainable agricultural systems, only the "high technology" of agriculture is capable: the organic farming sensu lato. This includes organic farming, permaculture, agroforestry, and biodynamic farming.

The productivity, ecological efficiency, and cost-effectiveness of organic farming would be very high (much better than in conventional production) if all of these indicators were to be applied to the unit's environmental use and environmental load.

The global human population boom and at the same time environmental pollution, damaging nature, and land use pose new challenges to agriculture in the field of sustainability and especially organic farming [43]. In this context, the biogeographical researches affect the cultivated plants, weeds, animal pests and pathogens, and their natural enemies [44], as well as the traditional ecological knowledge [45].

In the applied biogeographical research on agriculture, the following key issues can be identified:


Ecological and biogeographical research of natural, near-natural, and human-influenced ecosystems has strategic importance in the struggle for survival of mankind and the chance to create a sustainable society.
