Meet the editor

Dragan Cvetković graduated in Aeronautics from the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade, in 1988. In the Aeronautical Department he defended his doctoral dissertation in December 1997. So far he has published 61 books, scripts and practicums about computers and computer programs, the aviation weapons and flight mechanics. He has published a large number of scientific papers in the country and abroad as well. Since 20th March 2007, he had

been working at the SINGIDUNUM UNIVERSITY in Belgrade as an assistant professor. Since 1st October 2013, he has been working as the Dean of the Faculty of Informatics and Computing at the Singidunum University, Belgrade. He became a Full Professor in the field of Informatics and Computing in March 2014.

Contents

**Preface VII**

**of Cloth 45**

Jianqiang Lin

Marcin Hojny

Marcin Hojny

**Rolling Process 147**

**RENDRUS Network 1**

Chapter 1 **Modelling and Simulation of Complex Adaptive System: The Diffusion of Socio-Environmental Innovation in the**

Aida Huerta Barrientos and Yazmin Dillarza Andrade

**Changes in the Brightness of the Object Background 21** Nika Bratuž, Helena Gabrijelčič Tomc and Dejana Javoršek

Andreja Rudolf, Slavica Bogović, Beti Rogina Car, Andrej Cupar,

Jianqun Lin, Ling Gao, Huibin Lin, Yilin Ren, Yutian Lin and

**Integrated Modelling High‐Temperature Processes 117**

Chapter 6 **Developing a Hybrid Model and a Multi‐Scale 3D Concept of**

Chapter 7 **Computer‐Aided Physical Simulation of the Soft‐Reduction and**

Chapter 2 **Rendering Techniques in 3D Computer Graphics Based on**

Chapter 3 **Modelling and Visualisation of the Optical Properties**

Chapter 4 **Textile Forms' Computer Simulation Techniques 67**

Zoran Stjepanovič and Simona Jevšnik

Chapter 5 **Computer Simulation of Bioprocess 95**

Tanja Nuša Kočevar and Helena Gabrijelčič Tomc

## Contents

### **Preface XI**


Marcin Hojny

Chapter 8 **Surrogate Modelling with Sequential Design for Expensive Simulation Applications 173** Joachim van der Herten, Tom Van Steenkiste, Ivo Couckuyt and Tom Dhaene

Preface

ture to determine its capacity.

working and behaving.

and a paper.

Information technologies have changed people's lives so much that now it is almost impos‐ sible to imagine any activity that does not depend on the computer in some way. Since the invention of the first computer systems, people have been trying to take advantage of com‐ puters in order to solve complex problems in various areas. With the development of the industry, there was a need for a PC in the calculation of the building and automotive con‐ struction. Traditional methods of calculation have been replaced by computer programmes that had the ability to predict the behaviour of structures under different loading conditions. In this way, expensive experiments, tests and examinations had been replaced by cheaper and more powerful computational methods that do not require the destruction of the struc‐

Fortunately, computer programmes allow such problems to be solved, in the first place by making the simulation of the real system and after that by performing its realization in prac‐ tice. Computer simulation or a computer model has the task to simulate the behaviour of an abstract model of a particular system. Computer simulations have become a useful part of mathematical modelling of many natural systems in physics, quantum mechanics, chemistry and biology and then in economic systems, psychology and social sciences, as well as in the engineering process of new technologies, in order to gain a better insight into their way of

Computer simulations are different from computer programmes that run a few minutes, be‐ cause the simulation can be run on the local network and can last for hours or if it is a de‐ manding simulation, it can last even for days. It can be said that, probably, the simulation can be exceeded (or perhaps even imaginable) by methods that can be solved using a pencil

Nowadays, computer simulations are used to solve problems in all spheres of life. Meteoro‐ logical forecasts, the calculation of rainfall, water flows in rivers, underground water flow and oil exploitation are just some of the areas that cannot be imagined without computers. One of the most interesting computer applications is the simulation of processes in the hu‐ man body. Modern software solutions enable the calculation of muscle fatigue in certain ac‐ tivities, the deposition of fat in the blood vessels, the risk of cancer and so on. In the future, these programmes will be able to allow the realization of virtual surgeries and to predict the

Chapters are listed in a logical order, but they can be arranged differently, depending on the point of view. The first chapter provides an overview of the development of a novel agentbased simulation model of socio-environmental innovation diffusion in the RENDRUS net‐ work based on complex adaptive systems approach. The second chapter shows the study

effects of surgery before they are performed in reality.


## Preface

Chapter 8 **Surrogate Modelling with Sequential Design for Expensive**

Chapter 10 **Modeling and Simulation of Task Allocation with Colored**

Chapter 11 **Multi-Criteria Decision-Making in the Implementation of**

**Renewable Energy Sources 237** Dejan Jovanovic and Ivan Pribicevic

Mildreth Alcaraz-Mejia, Raul Campos-Rodriguez and Marco

Joachim van der Herten, Tom Van Steenkiste, Ivo Couckuyt and

**Simulation Applications 173**

Chapter 9 **Computer Simulation of High‐Frequency Electromagnetic Fields 193**

Tom Dhaene

**VI** Contents

Andrey D. Grigoriev

**Petri Nets 213**

Caballero-Gutierrez

Information technologies have changed people's lives so much that now it is almost impos‐ sible to imagine any activity that does not depend on the computer in some way. Since the invention of the first computer systems, people have been trying to take advantage of com‐ puters in order to solve complex problems in various areas. With the development of the industry, there was a need for a PC in the calculation of the building and automotive con‐ struction. Traditional methods of calculation have been replaced by computer programmes that had the ability to predict the behaviour of structures under different loading conditions. In this way, expensive experiments, tests and examinations had been replaced by cheaper and more powerful computational methods that do not require the destruction of the struc‐ ture to determine its capacity.

Fortunately, computer programmes allow such problems to be solved, in the first place by making the simulation of the real system and after that by performing its realization in prac‐ tice. Computer simulation or a computer model has the task to simulate the behaviour of an abstract model of a particular system. Computer simulations have become a useful part of mathematical modelling of many natural systems in physics, quantum mechanics, chemistry and biology and then in economic systems, psychology and social sciences, as well as in the engineering process of new technologies, in order to gain a better insight into their way of working and behaving.

Computer simulations are different from computer programmes that run a few minutes, be‐ cause the simulation can be run on the local network and can last for hours or if it is a de‐ manding simulation, it can last even for days. It can be said that, probably, the simulation can be exceeded (or perhaps even imaginable) by methods that can be solved using a pencil and a paper.

Nowadays, computer simulations are used to solve problems in all spheres of life. Meteoro‐ logical forecasts, the calculation of rainfall, water flows in rivers, underground water flow and oil exploitation are just some of the areas that cannot be imagined without computers. One of the most interesting computer applications is the simulation of processes in the hu‐ man body. Modern software solutions enable the calculation of muscle fatigue in certain ac‐ tivities, the deposition of fat in the blood vessels, the risk of cancer and so on. In the future, these programmes will be able to allow the realization of virtual surgeries and to predict the effects of surgery before they are performed in reality.

Chapters are listed in a logical order, but they can be arranged differently, depending on the point of view. The first chapter provides an overview of the development of a novel agentbased simulation model of socio-environmental innovation diffusion in the RENDRUS net‐ work based on complex adaptive systems approach. The second chapter shows the study

about rendering of colours with three rendering engines and based on changes in the bright‐ ness of the object background. In the review part of the third chapter, advanced methods that enable visualization at micron resolution, methods used in 3D visualization workflow and methods used for research purposes are presented. The fourth chapter deals with com‐ puter simulation of different textile forms. In the fifth chapter, modelling and computer sim‐ ulation of microbial growth and metabolism kinetics, bioreactor dynamics and bioreactor feedback control are made to show the application methods and the usefulness of modelling and computer simulation methods in optimization of the bioprocess technology. Chapter 6 presents experimental problems related to research aiming at obtaining data necessary to formulate a physical model of deformation of steel containing a zone consisting of a mixture of the solid and the liquid phases. Chapter 7 presents an idea of constructing a scientific workshop focused on high-temperature processes, based upon a concept of integrated mod‐ elling combining the advantages of computer and physical simulations. Surrogate models provide an appealing data-driven strategy to accomplish these goals, for applications in‐ cluding design space exploration, optimization, visualization or sensitivity analysis, and these models are dedicated to the eighth chapter. High-frequency and microwave electro‐ magnetic fields are used in billions of various devices and systems. Design of these systems is impossible without detailed analysis of their electromagnetic field. Most microwave sys‐ tems are very complex, so analytical solution of the field equations for them is impossible. Computer simulation of high-frequency electromagnetic fields is shown in the ninth chap‐ ter. Chapter 10 proposes the modelling of the task allocation problem by the use of Coloured Petri Nets. The proposed methodology allows the construction of compact models for task scheduling problems. The PROMETHEE method, as a mathematical model for multi-criteria decision-making, is one of the ideal methods used when it is necessary to rank scenarios according to specific criteria, depending on whom the ranking is applied to. Chapter 11 presents various scenarios whose ranking is done according to defined criteria and weight coefficients for each of the stakeholders.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all the authors and coauthors for their contri‐ bution. The successful completion of the book *Computer Simulation* has been the result of the cooperation of many people. I would especially like to thank the Publishing Process Manag‐ er Ms. Nina Kalinić for her support during the publishing process.

> **Dragan Cvetković** Singidunum University Faculty of Informatics and Computing Belgrade, Republic of Serbia

**Chapter 1**

**Modelling and Simulation of Complex Adaptive**

Socio-environmental innovation is a process of social change that implies both the participation of agents on social and environmental initiatives and the generation and diffusion of relevant information, which lead social transformations for collective benefit. During the diffusion of socio-environmental innovations through a communication network, the information is created and shared among participants until mutual understanding is reached. In the case of National Network for Sustainable Rural Development (RENDRUS) network, getting innovations adopted is very difficult by people in rural communities due to the lack of effective communication channel. This study aims to develop a novel agent-based simulation model of socio-environmental innovation diffusion in the RENDRUS network based on complex adaptive systems approach. First, the conceptual model of socio-environmental innovation diffusion in the RENDRUS network based on complexity approach is developed. Then, an agent-based simulation model is implemented using Netlogo software, followed by the simulation model analysis and the design of plausible simulation scenarios. The simulation results illustrate how S-curve emerges from the interrelationships between agents considering endogenous and social cohesion effects. The conclusions argue that more social cohesion and popularity of socioenvironmental innovations between small rural producers and their organizations, governmental institutions, academic institutions and the knowledge society corresponds to

**Keywords:** complex adaptive systems, modelling and simulation, socio-environmental

© 2017 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**System: The Diffusion of Socio-Environmental**

**Innovation in the RENDRUS Network**

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

less time to adopt socio-environmental innovations.

innovation, diffusion

Aida Huerta Barrientos and

Yazmin Dillarza Andrade

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/67740

**Abstract**
