4. Concluding remarks

It has now become clear that G. uralensis-derived components including ILG have a major impact in innate immunity to prevent adipose tissue inflammation and fibrosis. On the other hand, ILG also acts on adipocytes, and consequently suppresses inflammatory changes elicited by macrophage-derived mediators such as TNF-α [51], suggesting that ILG targets multiple cells that constitute adipose tissue. Moreover, activation of various innate immune sensors is affected by ILG stimulation, consequently suppressing adipose tissue inflammation and fibrosis. A better understanding of these mechanisms will be addressed in the near future. With these new findings, we will be enabled to design better therapeutic strategies based on innate immunity through the usage of ILG to combat obesity-associated diseases.
