**5. References**


(a) (b) (c)

(a) (b) (c)

Generally, real brain MR images result from the CSF near the skull, which tends to be close to the boundary in the image. In vector seed selection, seeds tend to appear in more smooth regions. Hence, seeds will not be generated from the pixel vectors in the CSF close to the boundary, which further results in that these tissues are covered by the neighboring grayscaled tissues in the stage of region growing, and the classification is thus failed. Consequently, this paper improved the method of region growing and successfully applied

[1] Di Jia, Fangfang Han, Jinzhu Yang, Yifei Zhang, Dazhe Zhao, Ge Yu, "A Synchronization

[2] Satish Chandra , Rajesh Bhat , Harinder Singh , D.S.Chauhan , "Detection of Brain

Algorithm of MRI Denoising and Contrast Enhancement Based on PM-CLAHE

Tumors from MRI using Gaussian RBF kernel based Support Vector Machine ",

Fig. 4. Real Classification result of brain MR images by C-means. (a)GM (b)WM (c)CSF

vector seeded region growing to the classification of brain MR images.

Model", JDCTA, Vol. 4, No. 6, pp. 144 ~ 149, 2010

IJACT, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 46 ~ 51, 2009

**4. Conclusion** 

**5. References** 

Fig. 3. Real Classification result of brain MR images by UVSRG. (a)GM (b)WM (c)CSF


**2** 

*1Germany 2,3Canada* 

*1University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, 2University of Toronto, Toronto,* 

*3Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto,* 

**Neuroimaging and Dissociative Disorders** 

Although they were for a while "dissociated" (Spiegel, 2006) from the clinical and scientific arena, dissociative disorders have in the last several years received a renewed interest among several groups of researchers, who embarked on the work of identifying and describing their underlying neural correlates. Dissociative disorders are characterized by transient or chronic failures or disruptions of integration of otherwise integrated functions of consciousness, memory, perception, identity or emotion. The DSM-IV-TR (2000) includes nowadays under the heading of dissociative disorders several diagnostic entities, such as dissociative amnesia and fugue, depersonalization disorder, dissociative identity disorder and dissociative disorder not otherwise specified (such as Ganser syndrome). In contrast to DSM-IV-TR, ICD-10 (1992) also comprises under the category of dissociative (conversion) disorder the entity of conversion disorder (with its various forms), which is in DSM-IV-TR (2000) captured under the heading of somatoform disorders (and probably will remain

Dissociative disorders had been previously subsumed under the diagnostic construct of hysteria, which had described the occurrence of various constellations of unexplained medical symptoms, without evidence of tissue pathology that can adequately or solely account for the symptom(s). Although not the first one who used the term dissociation or who suggested a connection between (early) traumatic experiences and psychiatric symptomatology (van der Kolk & van der Hart, 1989; Breuer & Freud, 1895), it is Janet (1898, 1907) who claimed dissociation as a mechanism related to traumatic experiences that

By definition, dissociative disorders are viewed in international nosological classifications as underlain by the mechanism of dissociation; there is still debate if the mechanism of dissociation that is involved in dissociative disorders is distinct from the so-called nonpathological or normative dissociation (that includes absorption or reverie) or a continuum exists between the two (Seligman & Kirmayer, 2008). Janet had reportedly viewed on one hand, dissociation as being intrinsically pathological and causally bound to unresolved traumatic memories (Bell, Oakley, Halligan, & Deeley, 2011). On the other hand, Janet had

**1. Introduction** 

under the same heading in the upcoming DSM-V).

accounted for the various manifestations of hysteria.

Angelica Staniloiu1,2,3, Irina Vitcu3 and Hans J. Markowitsch1

