**8. Future research needs**

Action thresholds are lacking and there is urgent need to develop economic action levels (economic injury levels and economic threshold levels) for cereal aphid species infestation in wheat growing areas of Kenya during different seasons. They will be used as basis for making recommendation for cereal aphids control programs in wheat crops which will improve the development of integrated pest management strategies.

Breeding for resistance to cereal aphids is the most effective means of reducing yield losses associated with cereal aphids' infestation. Recently acquired wheat germplasm with resis‐ tance to cereal aphids especially Russian wheat aphid are now being screened and will be utilized in the breeding program. Resistance information of wheat genotypes to cereal aphids is important to be known by wheat breeders as a guide in selecting source of resistance genes to be used in the improvement of wheat varieties resistant to cereal aphids. However, since breeding is a slow procedure, it is necessary to consider other strategies to minimize yield losses. The use of one or more applications of aphicides, together with cultural practices such as early planting, application of right amounts of fertilizers and good seed rates could be very effective in providing considerable control of cereal aphids.
