**Meet the editor**

Dr Ingrid Muenstermann is a retired sociologist, affiliated with Flinders University of South Australia. As adjunct, she teaches *Critical Social Determinants of Health* and *Qualitative Research Methods* in the Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences. Before Ingrid became an academic, she was employed in several secretarial positions in Germany and Australia. After migrating

to Australia, she undertook university studies on a part-time basis and was awarded a PhD in 1997. Between 2004 and 2013, she established an academic career at Charles Sturt University. Her research interests vary greatly: starting off with an interest in immigration and multiculturalism, health and mental health was her next area of interest, followed by rural issues, the environment and renewable energy. In future, she plans to look at the health of ageing migrants and, stimulated by a chapter written for this book, at the 'new actors of immigration – foreign students'.

## Contents

## **Preface XI**


Giancarlo Avanzi, Luigi Mario Castello, Roberta Siliquini and Patrizia Zeppegno


## Preface

Chapter 6 **Migration and Health from a Public Health Perspective 103**

Chapter 7 **The Impact of Tuberculosis among Immigrants: Epidemiology**

**Data and Literature Review 129**

**Immigrants in Canada 157**

**Migrants Living in Portugal 169**

**and Engineers in Academia 187**

Meghna Sabharwal

**City in Turkey 231**

**Section 6 Emigration and Gender 259**

Ortal Slobodin

**Really a Choice? 261**

Serdar Ünal

Massoli, Sara Lomenzo and Anastasio Grilli

**Section 4 Settlement of Immigrants – Some Cultural Aspects 155**

Fanli Jia, Alexandra Gottardo and Aline Ferreira

Chapter 9 **Acculturation, Adaptation and Loneliness among Brazilian**

Joana Neto, Eliany Nazaré Oliveira and Félix Neto

Chapter 11 **Why Do Immigrants to Norway Leave the Country or Move Domestically? Some Important Facts 207**

**Section 5 The New Wave of Immigration – Foreign Students 229**

Chapter 12 **The New Actors of International Migration: A Comparative**

Chapter 13 **The Voice of Trailing Women in the Decision to Relocate: Is it**

Tom Kornstad, Terje Skjerpen and Lasse Sigbjørn Stambøl

**Analysis of Foreign Students' Experiences in a Medium-Sized**

Chapter 10 **Asians as Model Minorities: A Myth or Reality among Scientists**

Chapter 8 **Sociocultural Models of Second-Language Learning of Young**

**and Strategies of Control in High-Income Countries—Current**

Carlo Contini, Martina Maritati, Marachiara di Nuzzo, Lorenzo

Maurizio Marceca

**VI** Contents

According to the UNHCR Figures at a Glance 2016 (accessed on 24.11.2016), "An unprece‐ dented 65.3 million people around the world have been forced from home. Among them are nearly 21.3 million refugees, over half of whom are under the age of 18. Nearly 34,000 peo‐ ple are forcibly displaced every day as a result of conflict or persecution. [And] there are also 10 million stateless people who have been denied a nationality and access to basic rights such as education, healthcare, employment and freedom of movement."

These figures published by the UNHCR created great concern; however, the visual images revealed by the media, its reporting of asylum seekers arriving in Italy and Greece in 2015 and 2016 and the 'processing' of these people created strong emotions. In what way could some personal help be provided? Will editing a book make a change? Objectively seen – hardly. However, instead of feeling compassion for those on the move and donating small amounts of money to charity, it was decided to at least try and make an effort to conquer some of the suffering. So when the offer came from InTech to supervise 'Immigration', it was taken up with great enthusiasm.

The title has now changed to 'People's Movements in the 21st Century – Risks, Challenges and Benefits'. Using the guiding theme 'Immigration', authors were invited to provide their thoughts. While it had been anticipated that in 2016 the situation in Europe would be cen‐ tral, this expectation was not quite met. Chapters were written by authors in countries such as Canada, Germany, Italy, Japan, Norway, Portugal, the Netherlands, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and in the United States of America. Interestingly, not all chapters deal with is‐ sues occurring in the countries in which the authors work or wrote, demonstrating global movement and flexibility of the writers in today's world of risks, as the sociologist Ulrich Beck (2009) defines the space we are living in at present.

'People's Movements in the 21st Century – Risks, Challenges and Benefits' captures many of the controversies of migration; it demonstrates the risks immigrants take as well as some possibilities they are being offered in the countries of their destination, but it also looks at many different challenges occurring in the receiving countries. The book actually starts with a chapter in relation to colonialism and post-colonialism. In this sense, I wondered whether things have improved during the last century. Who are the new power players in our postcolonial world of risks? Some push and pull factors and some personal experiences of immi‐ grants are addressed, but comparative studies of immigrants and people in host societies (they are called 'natives') play a major part; rules and regulations and policies of how to govern and integrate immigrants are crucial aspects of the book. There is also an important chapter on gender (trailing women) and a critical chapter on the 'new actors of immigration, international students'.

The world has changed during the last 60 or 70 years and not everything can be defined clearly as positive or negative; there are many contradictions. Most societies have profited from globalization, market economies, transnational free trade, and cheaper travelling, but some societies have been left behind. So have some people. On the one hand, there can be no doubt that in today's society, the methods of destruction have created *catastrophic risks* (Beck, 2009), for the environment and also for those who want to move or have to move in order to survive. Beck's theory of risk is fitting when looking at the statistics of the UNHCR: these risks are based on innovation and developing technologies. On the other hand, look‐ ing at the more positive issues of progress and modernization, time and space are converg‐ ing, people are better informed, longevity has improved, trade can take place via the Internet and travelling is more comfortable and faster. Most of all, the international stu‐ dents' movement is an encouraging new phenomenon: travelling, studying in a foreign country and experiencing different cultures usually lead to a widening of people's perspec‐ tive, creating tolerance and improving the understanding of foreign customs – the only re‐ striction being the economic resources of the parents. However, since international education is marketed worldwide by almost all universities and since the number of interna‐ tional students is rising continuously, there is optimism that the risks of destruction will be reduced.

As the reader quite rightly perceives, I am an eternal optimist.

This book is dedicated to all those who have lost their lives leaving their home country and seeking asylum somewhere else. It was written in the spirit of peace and hopefully will con‐ tribute to this sentiment.

> **Dr Ingrid Muenstermann** Discipline of Health and Exercise Sciences School of Health Sciences Flinders University of South Australia Australia

**Section 1**
