**6. Conclusion**

Ang II and these cytokines (TGF-β and TNF-α) activate some intracellular pathways involved in hypertrophy, including increased ROS production through NADPH oxidase. Ang II activates NF-κB, which is a possible mechanism to Ang II-induced increased levels TNF-α and other proinflammatory cytokines. NF-κB and ROS pathway seems to be also involved TGFβ-increased MMP activity. In addition, cytokines, TNF-α and TGF-β, and Ang II are closely related with a MAPK, which is a known key pathway involved in cardiac hypertrophy and MMP regulation. Taken together, Ang II is associated to the TNF-α and TGF-β by mechanisms involving ROS-NF-κB-MMP then contributing to the heart failure.
