**1. Introduction**

Cardiac remodeling is generally triggered due to cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial infarction, pressure overload, idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy or volume overload [1].

Cardiac remodeling is also the most common factor in heart failure progress, a chronic disease defined as a complex syndrome. In this sense, heart failure is associated with intensive and progressive cardiac structural and functional modifications, leading to impaired cardiac output [2, 3].

More than 23 million people worldwide are affected by heart failure. In the United States, approximately 5 million patients have heart failure and this number increases by more than half a million cases per year [4]. It is estimated that an increase in the 46% in the prevalence of heart failure from 2012 to 2030 in people with 18-year old or more [5].

There are several criteria to diagnose heart failure as revised by Roger VL [6]. These criteria are important to determine the kind of heart failure treatment and also contribute to improving the accuracy of epidemical data. Despite the progress of the heart failure treatment, mortality rates are still high. Nowadays, the available treatments for heart failure improve the survival rates but raise hospitalizations as well as hospital readmissions. Among these treatments, there are angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and beta-adrenoceptors blockers that alleviate the symptoms in individuals with advanced heart failure and depressed ejection fraction in end-stage disease [7]. Therefore, heart failure is a growing public health problem, in which a projection from 2012 to 2030 heart failure will account more than \$69 billion in health-care cost in the United States. It will be a significant increase from 127% [5].

Several risk factors are associated with heart failure, such as smoking, obesity, diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease and hypertension among others. Hypertension—chronic elevation of blood pressure—is the most prominent human health problem, and it is the main comorbidity linking obesity, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. According to Framingham study, hypertension is considered the major risk factor attributed to heart failure, and its prevalence in hypertension exceeds 50% [6, 8]. Hereupon, hypertension is the cause of deaths because it often coexists with heart failure and also places individuals at a higher risk for kidney failure, stroke, etc.
