**10. Conclusion**

Dealing with a diverse group of bacteria like *E*. *coli* may present a challenge. Knowledge on basics of *E*. *coli* in terms of isolation and characterization may help in planning, setting objectives, and execution of *E*. *coli*-related research. One should bear in mind that choice of one isolation or characterization approach may lead to a different output compared to another approach.

The current procedures for *E*. *coli* isolation and characterization take at least 72 h and sometimes even more time. The need to work on viable bacteria cells may be contributing much to this lengthy procedure. Working on the genetic material right from the sample could help to shorten the time spent from isolation of *E*. *coli* from sample to outcome. This should be the direction of future research.
