**3. Knowledge management**

disperse knowledge and reconcile the diverse beliefs and necessities of the domain specialists. In addition, they need to incorporate their own technical knowledge in order to generate the set of requirements of the solution. In the figure, this process is represented by the solved puzzle. The cloud in the solved puzzle means that there will always be knowledge that is not

Tacit knowledge can cause critical knowledge, goals, expectations or assumptions to remain hidden. In consequence, the emergent requirements will appear incomplete and inappropri-

Situated actions involve a dynamic interaction with the actor and its environment; they only acquire meaning through interpretation in a specific context [19]. Situated actions involve conscious reference to the context and choice of action. An action is not situated if it takes the form of a prescribed response or if it is an unconscious automatic response. In ISD, situated actions occur frequently; in consequence, requirements are mostly situated and depend on a process of negotiation. In this situation, domain knowledge is fundamental in order to understand the rationality behind requirements, facilitate the negotiation process and propose technological aspects of the solution according to the real necessities of the domain specialists.

Products or solutions in ISD are so complex that the human knowledge required to develop them generally is vastly larger than the maximum individual human capacities [20]. Therefore, organized teams formed of specialists must develop them. In order to cooperate in the solution, domain specialists must share some knowledge about the domain. However, they always have different backgrounds, perspectives, interests and expectations, and their knowledge and experience vary depending on their own practice and role in the domain. Sometimes even inconsistent and incompatible beliefs can exist. Product developers or solution-solvers should reconcile and prioritize the diverse beliefs and knowledge about the application domain in

Domain knowledge is the knowledge of the area to which a set of theoretical concepts is applied. In ISD, the concept of domain knowledge has two meanings. Firstly, solution domain knowledge corresponds to methods, techniques and tools that form the basis for the development of the product or solution. Secondly, those products or solutions are developed to necessities of

susceptible to be formalized.

92 Knowledge Management Strategies and Applications

Some challenges of ISD are described as follows:

ate, which can cause poor systems or costly effects [18].

**2.4. Challenges in ISD**

*2.4.1. Tacit knowledge*

*2.4.2. Situatedness*

*2.4.3. Disperse knowledge*

order to incorporate it to the solution.

*2.4.4. Asymmetry of knowledge*

Knowledge management (KM) is a discipline with the aim of enhancing an organization by sharing and managing the knowledge flow among the people [5]. KM is much more than just the use of information technology to manage knowledge. Due to the complexity of deal with knowledge, this discipline has developed theoretical concepts in order to explain and face the underlying problem of elicitation, creation, exchange and validation of knowledge. According to Pilat and Kaindl [5], there are three fundamental concepts in KM closely related to requirements elicitation such as the knowledge transfer and transformation process, the distinction between explicit and tacit knowledge and the issues of knowledge exchange. In addition, we consider that a creation knowledge process, where the knowledge of all involved in the project evolves, is also present in ISD.
