**1.6. Diagnosis**

The most common abnormalities found on the CBC are leukopenia, lymphopenia, and neutropenia. Some disease dogs develop anemia as a result of gastrointestinal blood loss. Electrolyte and coagulation abnormalities have been reported in dogs with parvoviral enteri‐ tis. The diagnosis of CPV‐2 infection has relied on probe‐based real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) [64–69], SYBR green‐based real‐time PCR [62, 70–72], conventional PCR [47, 68], electron microscopy [73], and methods provided as commercial kits [74]. CPV–2 antigens were found in crypt epithelium (**Figure 5**) or affected tissues such as spleen (**Figure 6**) using in situ hybridization.

**Figure 6.** Detection of canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV‐2) antigens in spleen using in situ hybridization. CPV‐2 immunolabeling is seen in lymphocyte (from Professor Ming‐Tang Chiou, Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan).
