**2.2. Vector**

VL vectors belong to the order Diptera, family Psychodidae, subfamily Phlebotominae, genus *Lutzomyia* in the new world, and *Phlebotomus* in the Old World. They can be found in tropical and subtropical regions of the planet and are popularly known as sand flies [10, 11].

Sand flies are small-sized, light brown-colored insects, with a coat of hair over their body. They measure between 2 and 3 mm [11]. Their flight range reaches about 150–300 m (diameter of 300–600 m), but may be longer depending on the species. They usually fly in small jumps and have crepuscular and nocturnal activity [12].

Hematophagy is a unique habit of females, who require blood for ovary maturation. Hence, they are able to transmit the disease. When females feed on blood, they hold their wings upright. A variety of animals has been identified as dietary hosts of sand flies, which have very eclectic feeding habits. Females lay eggs in moist soil, rich in organic matter [13].
