**2. The concept of food and nutrition security**

Food security is said to exist when all people in a society at all times have enough food for an active, healthy life. Food security as an umbrella term includes the availability of food that is nutritious and safe and an assured ability to procure and acquire food of good quality in a socially acceptable way. Measuring food security continues to exist as a challenge due to the multidimensional nature thereof. As a result, there is no standardised methodology to measure or monitor food security [6].

**1. Introduction**

4 International Development

The relationship between the causes and consequences of malnutrition is complex [1]. Poverty and high food prices reduce consumer purchasing power and can leave the nutritionally vulnerable even more powerless when it comes to acquiring healthy foods. On the other hand, nutrition plays a fundamental role in the sustainable development of human capital [2]. Malnutrition adversely affects both mental and physical development and significantly reduces

Agriculture and the food systems play a key role in linking nutrition, healthand food security. It provides for the primary sources of energy and essential nutrients, while simultaneously being a source of income, creating jobs and earning foreign exchange. Agricultural develop‐ ment is fundamental for sustaining the lives of the world's population, yet agricultural activi‐ ties often face many challenges due to population growth, urbanization and climate change,

The importance of agriculture to health has been increasingly recognised, but the link between agriculture, nutrition and health policies and programmes is still weak in most countries, with serious implications for the effectiveness and efficiency of the efforts to improve overall health and nutrition outcomes. Although the agriculture and health sectors are all aiming at align‐ ment and improved well‐being, agricultural interventions and actions frequently undermine health and nutrition [4]. For instance, the failure of agriculture to provide access to nutritious foods and support high‐quality food choices contributes to micronutrient deficiencies and 'hidden hunger', which are a persistent health concern in many countries. Monotonous diets which mainly include inexpensive, energy‐dense, nutrient‐poor (staple) foods could further

South Africa (SA) has an abundant supply of natural resources, well‐developed financial and service sectors and modern infrastructure. The country is considered nationally food secure as agricultural production is high and at the national level, there is enough food available for the whole population [5]. SA is in a nutrition transition in which under‐nutrition (including stunt‐ ing and micro‐nutrient deficiencies) continue to co‐exist with a rising incidence of overweight and obesity and the associated consequences such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Within the context of the HIV and AIDS pandemic and food insecurity, the high prevalence of under‐nutrition, micro‐nutrient deficiencies and over‐nutrition presents a

Using findings from a South African case study, as commissioned by the United Nations Standing Committee on Nutrition (UNSCN), this chapter provides an overview of the nutri‐

Food security is said to exist when all people in a society at all times have enough food for an active, healthy life. Food security as an umbrella term includes the availability of food that

the productivity and economic potential of an individual [3].

which threaten the availability of water, land and other natural resources.

aggravate the emerging epidemic of obesity and chronic diseases.

complex series of challenges.

tion sensitivity of agricultural development.

**2. The concept of food and nutrition security**

Main measures for food security are related to income versus food basket expenditure, agriculture production, consumption and household expenditure. Often, investigating the adequacy of daily energy intake or access is considered the best direct measure of food security. However, it has been globally recognised that the provision of energy, without the adequate intake of critical macro‐ and micro‐nutrients such as protein or vitamins and min‐ erals, may increase weight but not length, promoting adipose tissue gain resulting in over‐ weight and obesity [7]. The combined term "*food and nutrition security*" has been used more frequently to emphasise the need for considering complete dietary requirements (nutrients) in addition to dietary energy, when food security strategies are discussed.
