**16. Arteriovenous fistula**

The postoperative complication of arteriovenous fistula is a rare complication of punch-graft hair transplantation. This complication has been observed after large punch-graft hair transplantation is done especially to the temporal region in the 1970s.

A pulsatile subcutaneous mass with an associated thrill or bruit and symptoms including pain or headache is a common presentation. Angiography is required for complete diagnostic evaluation.

Clinical findings usually resolve spontaneously within 6 months, but superficial vessels can be ligated if the surgeon is concerned about vessel rupture or cosmetic appearance [11–13].
