**2. Historical journey in pathophysiology**

Prosper Meniere in 1861 observed the constellation of symptoms (such as tinnitus, hearing loss, falls, vertigo, nausea and syncope), when he postulated that the ear was the site of the disorder in contrast to the popular theory of apoplectiform cerebral congestion [1]. Building upon Flourens' experiments on pigeons, he further refined the site of the lesion to be the semi‐ circular canals. In 1938, two independent studies by Yamakawa (in Japan) and Hallpike and Cairns (In England) described the hydrops as a pathological finding of the labyrinth; these anatomical findings were confirmed by various investigators through the decade to come [2].
