**7. Conclusion**

Caffeine despite being widely consumed has no mechanism of action fully elucidated. The vestibular and auditory systems may be influenced by substances that alter the homeostasis of the organism. Thus, while the interaction of caffeine with cochlea and the posterior labyrinth is not better elucidated, the diet recommendations for evaluation and therapy of patients with vertigo and tinnitus remain based on clinical experience. It will be finally necessary more studies to elucidate these questions aiding in driving the most effective treatment for the patient with Meniere's disease.

## **Author details**

Alleluia Lima Losno Ledesma\*, Monique Antunes de Souza Chelminski Barreto and Carlos Augusto Costa Pires de Oliveira

\*Address all correspondence to: luafono@yahoo.com.br

University of Brasília, Brazil

#### **References**


[3] Lima DR. O Café pode ser bom para a saúde. In: Simpósio de pesquisa dos cafés do Brasil. Brasília: Embrapa; 2002. pp. 195‐229. Available at: http://www.sbicafe.ufv.br/ handle/123456789/538

**6. Caffeine and auditory system**

48 Up to Date on Meniere's Disease

the cell membrane [47–49].

tory system were found.

patient with Meniere's disease.

Augusto Costa Pires de Oliveira

University of Brasília, Brazil

\*Address all correspondence to: luafono@yahoo.com.br

Western Journal Medicine. 1992;**157**(5):544‐553

**7. Conclusion**

**Author details**

**References**

A larger number of studies have been found attempting to investigate the effects of caffeine in the auditory system. It is believed that caffeine affected the peripheral and central auditory pathways [45]. As the inner ear is the site of lesion for this clinical syndrome, we direct our

Regard to the effects of caffeine on the peripheral auditory system, it was demonstrated that caffeine induced shortening of outer hair cells, increasing the excitability of the peripheral auditory pathways [47]. The mechanism of action that provides this shortening has not been fully elucidated [13]. It was suggested that caffeine induced contraction by activating the ryanodine receptor, by potassium channel blockage or by creating osmotic imbalance across

No clinical studies in humans to investigate the relationship of caffeine to the peripheral audi-

Caffeine despite being widely consumed has no mechanism of action fully elucidated. The vestibular and auditory systems may be influenced by substances that alter the homeostasis of the organism. Thus, while the interaction of caffeine with cochlea and the posterior labyrinth is not better elucidated, the diet recommendations for evaluation and therapy of patients with vertigo and tinnitus remain based on clinical experience. It will be finally necessary more studies to elucidate these questions aiding in driving the most effective treatment for the

Alleluia Lima Losno Ledesma\*, Monique Antunes de Souza Chelminski Barreto and Carlos

[1] Chou T. Wake up and smell the coffee –.Caffeine, coffee and the medical consequences.

[2] Camargo MCR, Toledo MCF. Teor de cafeína em cafés brasileiros. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 1998;**18**(4):421‐424. DOI: 10.1590/S0101‐20611998000400012

efforts in presenting the effects of caffeine on the peripheral auditory system [46].


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[18] Strain EC, Griffths RR. Caffeine dependence: Fact or fiction? Journal of the Royal Society

[19] Kitahara T, Okamoto H, Fukushima M, Sakagami M, Ito T, Yamashita A, Ota I, Yamanaka T. A two‐year randomized trial of interventions to decrease stress hormone vasopressin production in patients with Meniere's disease – A pilot study. PLoS ONE.

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[23] Grandjean AC, Reimers KJ, Bannick KE, Haven MC. The effect of caffeinated, non‐caffeinated, caloric and non‐caloric beverages on hydration. The Journal of the American

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[25] Mikulec AA, Faraji FF, Kinsella LJ. Evaluation of the efficacy of caffeine cessation, nortriptyline, and topiramate therapy in vestibular migraine and complex dizziness of unknown etiology. American Journal of Otolaryngology. 2012;**33**(1):121‐127. DOI: http://

[26] Shepard NT, Telian SA. Avaliação do funcionamento do sistema vestibular. In: Katz J, editor. Tratado de Audiologia Clínica. 4th ed. São Paulo: Manole; 1999. pp. 421‐443

[27] Flores MR, Franco ES. Computerized vectoelectronystamography: Pós nystagmus testing by caloric air stimulation in individuals without complaints. International Archives

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[30] Bittar RSM, Bottino MA, Simoceli L, Venosa AR. Vestibular impairment secondary to glucose metabolic disorders: Reality or myth? Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology.

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## **Chapter 5**
