**3. Conclusions**

ambiguity and had a higher score in the need for closure scale (NCS). Based on this studio, McKay et al. [43] hypothesized that 22 patients with a history of persecutory delusions would exhibit higher need for closure and a more extreme jumping to conclusions bias than 19 healthy control participants. For that, the participants must realize a probabilistic task and fill out depression and need for closure scale. The results demonstrated that patients with persecutory delusions had a higher score than healthy control group. Therefore, the results support an association between persecutory delusions and need for closure. In addition, they did not find

Within the relationships between cognitive biases (e.g., jumping to conclusions, bias against disconfirmatory evidence, need for closure), we can find the interesting study of Moritz et al. [45]. These authors studied a total of 56 patients with schizophrenia through four independent components: jumping to conclusions, personalizing attributional style, inflexibility and low self‐esteem. The study lends tentative support for the claim that candidate cognitive mecha‐ nisms for delusions only partially overlap, so these mechanisms must be more widely studied in order to have a higher knowledge. Meantime, these authors propose that these biases should be treated independently via behavioral cognitive therapies, which work these biases.

Analyzing all these studies, we see clearly that it is necessary to study more deeply the need for closure and its implication in schizophrenia. Nowadays, it is not known how this bias works in schizophrenia, that is, it is not clear what is its real involvement in the onset, maintenance and relapse of schizophrenia disorder. In fact, if we try to find studies, we will encounter that there are few or almost no one study which attempts to discern what is its influence on schizophrenia. In addition, there are few studies that have tried to investigate the relationship of the implicated cognitive biases in schizophrenia. If the relationship between them is independent, dependent or partially dependent is unclear. In general, it seems that these biases are independent but it is necessary to study better. What is clear is that these cognitive biases play an important role in schizophrenia because they have been found in the same population. In conclusion, the study of need for closure bias and its influence on schizophrenia is needed. In addition, the relationship between these biases in order to obtain better effective therapies should be also examined. While this is not achieved as it is said by Moritz et al. [45], these

Finally, another cognitive bias that has been related to schizophrenia disorder is overconfi‐ dence bias [46] because the patients with schizophrenia displayed overconfidence in their choices or interpretations [13, 46, 47]. The overconfidence bias is the tendency to overestimate or exaggerate our own ability [48]. The response confidence is usually enhanced for erroneous judgments in patients with schizophrenia in comparison with healthy controls [13, 14]. In general, the overconfidence bias has been obtained across memory tasks [46, 47]. For example, Peters et al. [49] did an investigation with 27 patients with schizophrenia and 24 healthy controls where they were administrated a developed emotional video paradigm with 5 videos differing in emotionality (positive, 2 negative, neutral and delusional related). After each video, the participants had to do a recognition task. Also, they are asked to say the confidence

relationship between jumping to conclusions and need for closure.

cognitive biases should be treated independently in the therapies.

**2.3. Overconfidence bias**

102 Schizophrenia Treatment - The New Facets

Cognitive biases have been extensively studied in patients with schizophrenia especially those with delusion‐prone individuals [13, 14]. The results of experiments have shown that it is difficult to display these biases in patients with negative symptoms. So, currently the role of these cognitive biases in this disorder is not yet known exactly because they are more linked with the delusions rather than with schizophrenia disorder spectrum. The subjects with delusions show a bias in the collection of information because they need fewer data than healthy population to take a final decision.

However, it is clear that these cognitive biases have an important role in the onset, maintenance and possible relapse. Because of this important role, numerous studies have attempted to understand and see the relationship between them. But still no scientific literature agrees with the type of relationship between these cognitive biases. Although it seems that these should be interconnected through two‐way relationship, studies show that the relationship between these biases is independent or as much is a partial relationship. Therefore, further study on how these biases work and how they interrelate produces greater understanding and therefore the creation of more effective therapies. Until this happens, cognitive behavioral therapies should continue to work with these cognitive biases independently. This already makes it different therapies like metacognitive training and cognitive bias modification, among others. Intervention studies of these therapies have shown satisfactory results. This type of therapy has improved recovery and avoided relapses. In addition, these therapies make the patient with schizophrenia have a more active role in their recovery, leading to greater control for patients of their disease, a better understanding of it and increased self‐esteem and self‐control.

In future lines must keep working on greater knowledge of cognitive biases and their rela‐ tionship with each other in schizophrenia and delusional disorder. Surely, we will find new and new relationships. The ultimate goal is to get a therapy that is more effective and improve the life of these patients.
