**4. Conclusions**

weight and carbon miles reduction with the features of components made from bioplastic and biofibers such as sweet potatoes and sugarcane. Renault has been developing a series of bioconcept cars for the racetrack with the first generation introduced in 2006. Volkswagen Scirocco a bioconcept car was configured as a racing car. Several parts of the car body such as the rear hatch, the driver's door, and the front lid have been produced by eco-friendly materials by compression molding. In March 2014, at 84th Geneva International Motor Show, UPM Company displayed biofore concept car with the collaborated Helsinki University of Applied Sciences. The improved manufacturing methods and brilliant technology drive the car's weight reduction by more than 15%. The researchers believed that the biofore car would be the role model for the advance development in manufacturing and technology of actual car making [2]. Four Motors GmbH of Reutlingen, Germany, was presented with the composites in the third generation of bioconcept cars in 2015, which has an extremely efficient TDI engine and travels with a novel, low-pollutant biodiesel based on rapeseed oil. The lightweight body is made from a reinforced natural fiber thermoset, and other components in the interior and

Several researchers discovered that the biocomposites have potential marine applications due to their good mechanical properties and biodegradability. Due to these properties, the biocomposites become an alternative to the synthetic fiber-reinforced composites. Le et al. [41] conducted the experiment on seawater aging of flax/PLA biocomposites. The obtained result of this experiment describes that under seawater aging mechanism the absorption of water determined the degradation of hydrolysis of the matrix, structural change, degradation of the fiber/matrix interface, different swelling at composite interfaces and the degradation of fibers reduced the mechanical properties of the composites. However, the matrix and fiber cracks also appear at longer periods. This accomplishes that a special care is needed to integrate marine structures due to biodegradable nature of biocomposites. Indeed, with the eco-friendly impact of usage recyclable materials, now the extensive research is continuing in this area for optimizing lifetime, degradation control, and inherent losses of properties [41]. In the similar study, for the innovation in sailing yacht design must include the current environmental concerns such as depletion and waste management. This leads to incorporate natural fibers into the matrix to form eco-friendly composite materials for possible usage in marine applications. Moreover, they offer high specific stiffness and low environment footprint. The aging mechanism of flax/PLA biocomposites was observed under natural seawater for the period of 2 years. This study elucidates that biocomposites suffer from relatively high moisture absorption, which is controlled by the vegetal fibers [42]. There is necessity to control aging of biocomposites in a seawater environment of both natural fiber and matrix. The extra coating layer of the similar biopolymer on biocomposite may enhance the reduction of weight gain by the interface of the fiber and matrix. The mechanical and thermal properties of the biocomposites after immersion show that the protective layers reduce hydrolysis of the matrix, retain the composite properties, and enhance their durability [43]. DuPontTM specially made marine composite with Kevlar, which is useful to provide an ideal balance of strength, stiffness, and lightweight properties for many marine applications. This enhances the higher

the engine compartments are made from bio-based plastics [40].

**3.2. Marine applications**

192 Composites from Renewable and Sustainable Materials

We conclude that renewable biocomposites play a vital role in manufacturing many of the interior and exterior part of automobile, marine, sound absorbing wooden construction materials, and consumer applications. Indeed, several researchers reported that the reinforcement of natural fibers with biopolymers shows good mechanical, thermal, and biodegradable properties. Moreover, the enhancement of these properties was found with the incorporation of a compatibilizing agent. Nevertheless, the renewable biocomposites made from bacteria cellulose, rice straw, rice husk, natural fiber, lignocellulose, cellulose, and paper sludge renewable resources possess many beneficial properties compared to other inorganic fillers. The biocomposites are best alternatives and eco-friendly compared with petroleum-based composites.
