**Author details**

the solution is poured into Petri dishes for the formation of the films, and conditioned for evaluation. Very few studies have been published reporting on the use of injection molding

The mechanical properties and water barrier properties of TPS films reinforced with CNF have been reported in a number of publications. In general, CNF facilitates an increase in tensile strength, a decrease in deformation values, an increase in Young's module, and a decrease in WVP of TPS films. The chemical structure of cellulose and starch is similar. When they are mixed to produce a filmogenic solution, interactions among the OH groups of both polymers are produced by hydrogen bridges, producing a rigid network that increases the TS [4, 5, 69]. The addition of CNF favors high values of TS for TPS films. This may be due to the fact that a

The nanometric size of CNF allows a low WVP value of the starch films, which favors the generation of a network of hydrogen bridges between the starch chains and the CNF, causing the water molecule to follow a path with many "curves and bends" and thus reducing its diffusion through the starch films [71]. In addition, the cellulose is less hydrophilic than starch, due to its higher crystallinity and compact microfibrillar arrangement, making it more

**Table 3** shows research works on the use of starch from different botanical sources, such as cassava [4, 49], barley grain [72], potato [73, 74], corn [75, 76], chayote [48], tamarind seeds [77],

The knowledge that the ecosystem is already considerably contaminated as a consequence of the use of synthetic polymers derived from petroleum, environmental initiatives have now been put in place to promote research work on new products which will be compatible with the environment. The development of biocomposites of TPS with cellulose can reduce the

In recent times, science and technology has centered on the use of more environmentally friendly, raw materials; emphasizing the importance of the advances in such research on

It is important to mention that cellulose on a nanometric scale is used as a biodegradable reinforced material to improve the mechanical properties as well as the water barrier properties

According to reports in the literature, the technique for the preparation of cellulose fibers from different materials is very similar, whereas the technique for the preparation of TPS reinforced

Starches from different sources which do not include corn and potato are used in the devel‐ opment of the green composite material, while the cellulose fibers are obtained from waste

with CNF presents some differences depending on the type of material processed.

"green" composite materials and cellulose fibers for use in the industry.

greater contact surface is produced between CNF and the starch chains [70].

and extrusion to obtain TPS films reinforced with CNF.

98 Composites from Renewable and Sustainable Materials

and wheat [78], to obtain TPS films reinforced with CNF.

hydrophobic [69].

**5. Conclusions**

of the TPS.

dependency on oil reserves.

Emilio Pérez‐Pacheco1\*, Jorge Carlos Canto‐Pinto1 , Víctor Manuel Moo‐Huchin1 , Iván Alfredo Estrada‐Mota1 , Raciel Javier Estrada‐León1 and Luis Chel‐Guerrero2

\*Address all correspondence to: eperez@itescam.edu.mx

1 Cuerpo Académico Bioprocesos, Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Calkiní, en el Estado de Campeche Av. Ah Canul SN por Carretera Federal, Campeche, Mexico

2 Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo Inn, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
