**5.3.43 Leuprorelin (Leuprolide)**

Leuprorelin is a is a nonapeptide and a GnRH analog.

It has been tested in a phase II study in combination with testosterone (NCT00004771), the results are awaited.

### **5.3.44 Levamisole**

16 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

GSK1223249 is a humanised monoclonal antibody which counteracts the inhibition of neurite outgrowth by Nogo-A. Currently, GSK1223249 is evaluated in a phase I study

In a clinical trial, guanidine caused severe side effects such as acute paralysis (Norris et al., 1974; Norris et al., 1974). In a cross-over study with amantadine, no benefits for ALS patients

The antiviral drug indinavir did not show a benefit in ALS patients (Scelsa et al., 2005).

IGF-1 is a growth factor stimulated by the human growth hormone (hGH). It induces cell

Whereas a first trial of IGF-1 in ALS patients reported a slower disease progression of functional impairment and a higher quality of life score (Lai et al., 1997), a subsequent study did not find beneficial effects after 9 months of treatment (Borasio et al., 1998). A phase III clinical trial (NCT00035815) found no beneficial effects after 2 years of treatment in ALS

The immunomodulators interferon-alpha (Dalakas et al., 1986; Mora et al., 1986) and interferon-beta (Beghi et al., 2000; Bouche et al., 1986) did not show a benefit in ALS

ISIS 333611 is an antisense oligonucleotide inhibitor of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) (Smith et al., 2006). Currently, a phase I (NCT01041222) investigates the safety, tolerability,

The antiviral drug isoprinosine did not show a benefit in ALS patients (Fareed & Tyler,

Lamotrigine is an anti-epileptic drug with anti-excitotocicity effects. It has been tested in two clinical trials (Eisen et al., 1993; Ryberg et al., 2003) showing no effects on disease progression.

The term lecithin describes a group compounds consisting of phosphoric acid, choline, fatty acids, glycerol, glycolipids, triglycerides, and phospholipids. Typical members comprehend

In a clinical trial, lecithin did not show a benefit in ALS patients (Kelemen et al., 1982).

phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylinositol.

**5.3.34 GSK1223249** 

**5.3.35 Guanidine** 

**5.3.36 Indinavir** 

**5.3.38 Interferon** 

**5.3.40 Isoprinosine** 

**5.3.41 Lamotrigine** 

**5.3.42 Lecithin** 

1971; Percy et al., 1971).

patients.

(NCT00875446) for safety in ALS patients.

have been described (Munsat et al., 1981).

**5.3.37 Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)** 

patients (Sorenson et al., 2008).

**5.3.39 ISIS 333611 (ISIS-SOD1Rx)** 

proliferation and differentiation (Rosenbloom, 2009).

and activity familial ALS caused by SOD1 gene mutations.

Levamisole is a synthetic imidazothiazole derivative with anti-helmintic and immunomodulatory effects. In a clinical trial, no beneficial effects have been seen for ALS patients (Olarte & Shafer, 1985).
