Preface

Chapter 8 **Petrographical and Mineralogical Applications of**

Escamilla and Víctor I. Ruiz-Pérez

Melo and Josué Mendes Filho

Chapter 11 **Raman Spectroscopy with X-Rays 225** Piter Sybren Miedema

Barlow and Boyd M. Goodson

**Absorption Experiments 269** Antonio Aloi and Raffaele Tommasi

**Section 2 Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy 291**

Nicoleta Elena Dina and Alia Colniță

**Environmental Monitoring 331**

Chapter 15 **The Intricate Nature of SERS: Real‐Life Applications and**

Chapter 16 **Precision Target Guide Strategy for Applying SERS into**

Lei Ouyang, Dingyi Li, Lihua Zhu and Heqing Tang

Chapter 14 **Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering 293**

Ujjal Kumar Sur

**Challenges 313**

Chapter 10 **Raman Spectroscopy of Amino Acid Crystals 201**

Chapter 9 **Stimulated Raman Scattering for All Optical Switches 181**

Chapter 12 **Using Raman Spectroscopy to Improve Hyperpolarized Noble**

Chapter 13 **Inverse Raman Scattering in Femtosecond Broadband Transient**

Frédéric Foucher, Guillaume Guimbretière, Nicolas Bost and Frances

Ariel Flores-Rosas, Evgeny A. Kuzin, Orlando Díaz-Hernández, Gerardo J. Escalera-Santos, Roberto Arceo-Reyes, Baldemar Ibarra-

Paulo T.C. Freire, Felipe M. Barboza, José A. Lima, Francisco E.A.

**Gas Production for Clinical Lung Imaging Techniques 247** Jonathan Birchall, Nicholas Whiting, Jason Skinner, Michael J.

**Raman Mapping 163**

Westall

**VI** Contents

Raman spectroscopy is a spectroscopic technique based on inelastic scattering of monochro‐ matic light, usually from a laser source. Photons of the laser light are absorbed by the sam‐ ple and then reemitted, and their frequency is shifted either up or down as compared to the original monochromatic frequency, which is called Raman effect. The frequency shift pro‐ vides useful information about the vibrational, rotational, and other low-frequency transi‐ tions in molecules. This technique has a variety of applications in material science, nanotechnology, and medicine for structural characterization of the samples. This book presents the background and implementation of the techniques that have allowed true imaging and chemical analysis at the atomic scale.

The book is divided mainly into two parts. The first part comprises works that deal with Raman spectroscopy and its applications in various fields and how to utilize this technique for analysis of the samples. The second part comprises surface-enhanced Raman spectrosco‐ py (SERS), which is an important part of the Raman spectroscopy. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy is a Raman spectroscopic technique that provides greatly enhanced Raman sig‐ nals from Raman-active analyte molecules that have been adsorbed onto certain specially prepared metal surfaces (rough metal surfaces or by the nanostructures).

The chapters are focused on experimental aspects of nanotechnology as well as on theoreti‐ cal explanations. All the contributors are active researchers in their fields of specialization, and thus this book provides an up-to-date knowledge about the Raman spectroscopy and its applications. Various topics in this book are developed to a level appropriate for most mod‐ ern materials research using Raman spectroscopy. The content of this book provides the fun‐ damental preparation needed for further study of advanced topics in Raman microscopy. Moreover, at the end of each chapter, proper references have been included that can lead the readers to the best sources in the literature and help them to go into more details about Raman spectroscopy.

I am grateful to all the authors who are experts in their fields for helping me to complete this project and also to the entire InTech's publishing team for making this project possible. I am also thankful to the Publishing Process Manager Ms. Romina Skomersic for her cooperative attitude during the publishing process. I hope that this book will help the readers in a more efficient way to characterize their materials using Raman spectroscopy and will provide an opportunity to strengthen their knowledge and research capabilities in the field of material science and nanotechnology using Raman spectroscopy.

> **Dr. Khan Maaz** Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology Nilore, Islamabad Pakistan

**Section 1**

**Raman Spectroscopy**

## **Raman Microscopy: A Suitable Tool for Characterizing Surfaces in Interaction with Plasmas in the Field of Nuclear Fusion Raman Microscopy: A Suitable Tool for Characterizing Surfaces in Interaction with Plasmas in the Field of Nuclear Fusion**

Cedric Pardanaud, Celine Martin and Pascale Roubin Roubin Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Cedric Pardanaud, Celine Martin and Pascale

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/65649

#### **Abstract**

Raman microscopy, which is sensitive to chemical bonds, defects, structure, is a suitable tool that can give information on how a material can be modified by interacting with ions. We will first give concrete examples on how it can be used to characterize with a micro‐ metric resolution samples extracted from tokamaks. We will then give concrete examples on what information can be obtained by doing a study on laboratory synthesized materi‐ als, benchmarking Raman microscopy with quantitative techniques. The first part of the chapter is focused on carbon‐based material analysis. We will show how Raman spectra are sensitive to the presence of hydrogen, a major safety issue in the field. The second part of the chapter will be focused on beryllium‐ and tungsten‐based material analysis. We will show that hydrogen can be stored as an hydride after ion implantation and that it can be released easily in tungsten oxide.

**Keywords:** plasma wall interaction, hydrogen isotope implantation, carbon, beryllium, tungsten
