**Meet the editor**

Scott Handy is currently the interim associate dean of the College of Graduate Studies at Middle Tennessee State University and professor of Chemistry. He received his PhD degree in Chemistry from Indiana University under the direction of Professor Paul Grieco. After an NIH postdoctoral fellowship at Stanford University in the research group of Professor Paul

Wender, Handy began his independent career at Binghamton University, before moving to Middle Tennessee State University. His research interests include the use of nontraditional solvents (ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents) in organic synthesis and the synthesis and study of bioactive natural product derivatives (most recently aurones).

Contents

**Preface IX**

Chapter 1 **Are Ionic Liquids Suitable as New Components in Working Mixtures for Absorption Heat Transformers? 3**

Chapter 2 **Gas Sensing Ionic Liquids on Quartz Crystal Microbalance 35**

Chapter 3 **Application of Ionic Liquids in Paper Properties and**

Koziróg Anna and Wysocka‐Robak Agnieszka

Yi-Pin Chang and Yen-Ho Chu

**Preservation 51**

Chapter 4 **The Role of Ionic Liquids in Protein**

**of Proteins 97**

and Hazizan Md. Akil

**Folding/Unfolding Studies 75**

Chapter 5 **Ionic Liquid-Induced Unique Structural Transitions**

Takahiro Takekiyo and Yukihiro Yoshimura

Chapter 6 **Green Composites from Ionic Liquid-Assisted Processing of Sustainable Resources: A Brief Overview 117**

El-Shaimaa Abumandour, Fabrice Mutelet and Dominique Alonso

Awanish Kumar, Meena Bisht, Indrani Jha and Pannuru Venkatesu

Hamayoun Mahmood, Muhammad Moniruzzaman, Suzana Yusup

**Section 1 Applications 1**

**Section 2 Biological 73**

### Contents

**Preface XIII**



#### **Section 3 Electrochemistry 133**

Chapter 7 **Ionic Liquids as Electrodeposition Additives and Corrosion Inhibitors 135** Zhang Qibo and Hua Yixin

Chapter 16 **Thermodynamic Properties of Ionic Liquids 369**

Chapter 18 **Ecotoxicity of Ionic Liquids Towards Vibrio fischeri: Experimental and QSAR Studies 429**

Chapter 19 **Dielectric Characteristics of Ionic Liquids and Usage in Advanced Energy Storage Cells 451**

**Affects Actual Friction 413**

Chapter 20 **Ionic Liquids in Multiphase Systems 477**

**from Derris elliptica Roots 495**

and Kazue Kurihara

Attila Göllei

**Section 6 Separations 475**

Zubairi

**Section 7 Supported Ionic Liquids 557**

Masoud Mokhtary

**Frameworks 579**

Liu Qingshan, Mou Lin, Zheng Qige and Xia Quan

Chapter 17 **Behavior of Ionic Liquids Under Nanoconfinement Greatly**

Toshio Kamijo, Hiroyuki Arafune, Takashi Morinaga, Takaya Sato

Contents **VII**

Mohamed Ibrahim Abdul Mutalib and Ouahid Ben Ghanem

Stella Nickerson, Elizabeth Nofen, Denzil Frost and Lenore L. Dai

**Extraction Medium in Enhancing the Rotenone Yield Extracted**

Zetty Shafiqa Othman, Nur Hasyareeda Hassan and Saiful Irwan

Yoshiro Kaneko, Akiyuki Harada, Takuya Kubo and Takuhiro Ishii

Chapter 21 **Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquid Binary Solvent System as an**

Chapter 22 **Use of Ionic Liquids in Solid-Liquid Separation Processes 517** Lavinia Lupa, Petru Negrea and Adriana Popa

Chapter 23 **Supported Ionic Liquid Membranes for Metal Separation 539**

Chapter 24 **Ionic Liquids Immobilized on Magnetic Nanoparticles 559**

Pius Dore Ola and Michiaki Matsumoto

Chapter 25 **Preparation of Ionic Liquids Containing Siloxane**


**Section 3 Electrochemistry 133**

**VI** Contents

**Inhibitors 135**

**Ionic Liquids 185**

**Ionic Liquids 213** Masahiko Matsumiya

**Eutectic Solvents 263**

Yu Lin Hu

Magagnin

**Section 4 Liquid Crystals 283**

Viorel Cîrcu

**Section 5 Physical Properties 337**

Baños and Gloria Víllora

Zhang Qibo and Hua Yixin

**Electrochemical Devices 157**

Chapter 7 **Ionic Liquids as Electrodeposition Additives and Corrosion**

Chapter 8 **Ionic Liquid Enhancement of Polymer Electrolyte Conductivity**

Chapter 10 **Purification of Rare Earth Amide Salts by Hydrometallurgy and Electrodeposition of Rare Earth Metals Using**

Siti Nor Farhana Yusuf, Rosiyah Yahya and Abdul Kariem Arof

R. Bernasconi, G. Panzeri, A. Accogli, F. Liberale, L. Nobili and L.

**and their Effects on the Performance of**

Chapter 9 **Recent Advances in Electrocatalytic Applications of**

Chapter 11 **Electrodeposition from Deep Eutectic Solvents 235**

Chapter 12 **Electrodeposition of Zn, Cu, and Zn-Cu Alloys from Deep**

Xingli Zou, Xionggang Lu and Xueliang Xie

Chapter 13 **Ionic Liquid Crystals Based on Pyridinium Salts 285**

**Energy Storage Systems 313** Sudha J. Devaki and Renjith Sasi

Chapter 14 **Ionic Liquids/Ionic Liquid Crystals for Safe and Sustainable**

Chapter 15 **Predicting Density and Refractive Index of Ionic Liquids 339**

Mercedes G. Montalbán, Mar Collado-González, F. Guillermo Díaz-

	- **Section 7 Supported Ionic Liquids 557**

Preface

(Nuhammad).

trocatalytic applications (Hu).

The area of room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) continues to grow and expand at a rapid pace. While the number of truly new RTILs reported has definitely slowed (with perhaps the exception of the newer subfamily of deep eutectic solvents), that has been more than replaced by efforts exploring their application in a wide range of areas. In this volume, sev‐ eral recent areas of effort are reported and reviewed, with the goal of encouraging further diversification of effort. Indeed, some of these chapters clearly demonstrate that the applica‐ tions of RTILs are only limited by the imagination and that they certainly have potential

That said, this volume begins with some highly unusual areas of application, featuring a chapter on the use of RTILs in gas-sensing quartz crystal microbalances (Yen-Ho), as work‐ ing mixtures for absorption heat transformers (Fabrice), and, quite interestingly, as modifi‐

From there, a number of chapters feature different aspects of applications in the biological arena. While it has been known for some time that RTILs can be useful solvents for enzy‐ matic reactions, these chapters expand this scope to include studies of the role of RTILs in protein folding and unfolding (Pannuru), structural transitions induced by RTILs (Taka‐ hira), and the use of RTILs for processing of various biolomaterial-derived green composites

Another frequently reported area of application for RTILs is in electrochemistry. Under‐ standably, much of this effort has been directed in the area of electrodeposition and purifica‐ tion and with considerable opportunity for realistic application. In this respect, electrodeposition from deep eutectic solvents is covered (Luca), electrodeposition of zinc and copper (Xingli) and electrodeposition of corrosion inhibitors (Qibo), polymer electrolyte conductivity enhancements (Mariem), rare earth metal purifications (Masahiko), and elec‐

A somewhat related area is that of liquid crystal technology. RTILs are an interesting border region between conventional crystals and conventional liquids and, as such, have been stud‐ ied with considerable interest. A chapter discussing pyridinium-based RTILs (Viorel) and

For as long as people have studied RTILs, there has been a recognition of the importance of predicting the properties and behaviors of new, unreported RTILs. While much has been reported in this respect, it is far from a solved problem. Recent efforts on a variety of topics found in this volume include predicting density and refractive index of RTILs (Gloria), the correlation between dielectric properties and RTIL usage in energy storage systems (Attila),

benefits to offer to almost any area of science and technology.

one discussing energy storage applications (Sudha) are included.

ers for paper preservation and strengthening (Anna).

## Preface

The area of room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) continues to grow and expand at a rapid pace. While the number of truly new RTILs reported has definitely slowed (with perhaps the exception of the newer subfamily of deep eutectic solvents), that has been more than replaced by efforts exploring their application in a wide range of areas. In this volume, sev‐ eral recent areas of effort are reported and reviewed, with the goal of encouraging further diversification of effort. Indeed, some of these chapters clearly demonstrate that the applica‐ tions of RTILs are only limited by the imagination and that they certainly have potential benefits to offer to almost any area of science and technology.

That said, this volume begins with some highly unusual areas of application, featuring a chapter on the use of RTILs in gas-sensing quartz crystal microbalances (Yen-Ho), as work‐ ing mixtures for absorption heat transformers (Fabrice), and, quite interestingly, as modifi‐ ers for paper preservation and strengthening (Anna).

From there, a number of chapters feature different aspects of applications in the biological arena. While it has been known for some time that RTILs can be useful solvents for enzy‐ matic reactions, these chapters expand this scope to include studies of the role of RTILs in protein folding and unfolding (Pannuru), structural transitions induced by RTILs (Taka‐ hira), and the use of RTILs for processing of various biolomaterial-derived green composites (Nuhammad).

Another frequently reported area of application for RTILs is in electrochemistry. Under‐ standably, much of this effort has been directed in the area of electrodeposition and purifica‐ tion and with considerable opportunity for realistic application. In this respect, electrodeposition from deep eutectic solvents is covered (Luca), electrodeposition of zinc and copper (Xingli) and electrodeposition of corrosion inhibitors (Qibo), polymer electrolyte conductivity enhancements (Mariem), rare earth metal purifications (Masahiko), and elec‐ trocatalytic applications (Hu).

A somewhat related area is that of liquid crystal technology. RTILs are an interesting border region between conventional crystals and conventional liquids and, as such, have been stud‐ ied with considerable interest. A chapter discussing pyridinium-based RTILs (Viorel) and one discussing energy storage applications (Sudha) are included.

For as long as people have studied RTILs, there has been a recognition of the importance of predicting the properties and behaviors of new, unreported RTILs. While much has been reported in this respect, it is far from a solved problem. Recent efforts on a variety of topics found in this volume include predicting density and refractive index of RTILs (Gloria), the correlation between dielectric properties and RTIL usage in energy storage systems (Attila), determination of thermodynamic properties of RTILS (Qingshan), the connection between friction and the nanospace behavior of RTILs (Takaya), and the very important determina‐ tion of RTIL toxicity using *Vibrio fischeri* (Ibrahim).

The use of RTILs in various types of separations continues to grow as well. In addition to the earlier chapter on the electrochemical purification of rare earth metals, the use of RTILs as membranes for metal separation (Michiaki), in solid/liquid separations (Lavinia), as mul‐ tiphase systems (Lenore), and as extraction media (Saiful) is presented.

Finally, two interesting chapters focused on supported RTILs (important due to the high cost of most RTILs and thus the economic drive for recycling) are included: siloxane-based system (Tyoshiro) and magnetic nanoparticle-immobilized systems as catalysts (Masoud).

In short, the potential for RTILs continues to be as endless and unlimited as the proposed number of RTILs. While they may not be reaching the market for commercial applications as quickly as hoped, their future remains as exciting as ever. I hope that you enjoy this volume as much as I have and that it serves to inspire your creativity and imagination.

> **Prof. Scott Handy** Middle Tennessee State University USA

**Applications**

**Section 1**

**Section 1**
