**3. Conclusion**

Both cutaneous and visceral leishmaniases are old infectious diseases in Tunisia. Over more than a century since the discovery of the disease, we have witnessed an extraordinary progress in the knowledge of the epidemiology of *Leishmania* infection. At least six transmission cycles are present in this geographical area. Unfortunately only the life cycle of *L. major* MON-25, *L. infantum* MON-1, and *L. killicki* MON-8 are elucidated. Many other investigations are urgently needed to understand the dynamic of the different zymodemes in the Tunisian foci. The absence of data on the vector and the reservoir hosts of some zymodemes prevent us to follow and predict the spatiotemporal evolution of the disease and consequently to establish effective control strategies.
