**2. Pulsed laser ablation plasmas in high-density media**

This section gives a brief overview on the formation mechanism of PLA plasmas in highdensity media, and the main experimental equipment required for carrying out such experiments.

The following section is devoted to introducing techniques for characterizing PLA plasmas in high-density fluids—direct imaging, shadowgraph and Schlieren imaging, laser scattering, optical emission spectroscopy (OES) [5], and Raman scattering [6].
