**2. Laser ablation techniques**

laser deposition of metals under vacuum [2]. Therefore, it is applicable for an organic material

Laser ablation of an organic material in the liquid phase results in impressive phenomena. Microcrystals of an organic material suspended in a poor solvent, typically water, are irradiated by laser pulses; thereby, the cloudy suspension is transformed into transparent-colored water. The resultant is a colloidal solution containing organic fragments of a few tens to hundreds nanometers in diameter, that is, nanoparticles. The colloidal solution is stable for a long time without any surfactants, typically for weeks or more, because of persistent Brownian motion of the nanoparticles in the solvent [12]. Therefore, laser ablation in the liquid phase produces a uniform solution of small organic materials. The size of the nanoparticles can be controlled by the ablation conditions such as the irradiated laser fluence [15], laser pulse duration [16], and wavelength [10]. The easy and high collectability of the created nanoparticles by treating

Such a colloidal solution is applicable in an ink print, a drag delivery, and cosmetic applications. In particular, it is expected to provide a low-cost wet process in the device fabrication field. In recent years, organic materials are increasingly utilized in optical and electronic devices such as organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) [17] and organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) [18]. However, high-cost vacuum sublimation processes are required for the fabrication of such devices, because small organic molecules are difficult to dissolve in solvents without the addition of hydrophilic moieties on the molecule or any surfactants. The attachment of additional moieties generally does not guarantee the original functions of molecules, and surfactants may affect the functions of systems. Therefore, the formation of a stable solution of the target organic materials by laser ablation is a promising technique for the device fabrication. The colloidal solution gives a significant advantage to the industrial field with regard to low-cost and eco-friendly products, by applying a print technique as introduced in

Alternatively, an irradiated site in laser ablation can be a reaction centre of photochemistry for energy conversion from light to a fuel gas. A novel hydrogen generation method was discovered during laser ablation of solid carbon in water [20, 21]. Hydrogen gas is a clean gaseous fuel, and hydrogen generation methods have been intensively studied. Classical coal gasification [22] and optically induced water-splitting in the presence of a photocatalyst titanium oxide [23] are representative phenomena in hydrogen generation methods. In the photocatalytic water-splitting reaction, the addition of solid carbon assisted the reaction by avoiding the reverse reaction through oxidization [24, 25]. Thus, solid carbon has been utilized for hydrogen gas production. However, the optical activity of solid carbon itself was not known before the

As by-products of this laser-induced hydrogen gas generation reaction, nanoparticles of carbon-based materials were also found in the post-irradiated solution. Thus far, novel carbonbased materials, such as graphene oxide (GO) [26–28], nano-diamond [29, 30], and diamondlike carbon (DLC) [29, 31], have been studied as photocatalysts in the water splitting reaction [26, 30] and reduction of carbon oxide [27, 28]. These carbon-based materials can be produced by laser ablation of solid carbon as demonstrated in Refs. [29, 31]. Therefore, laser ablation of

that is more intolerant of optical radiation than a metal or an inorganic semiconductor.

266 Applications of Laser Ablation - Thin Film Deposition, Nanomaterial Synthesis and Surface Modification

the solution is a useful characteristic of laser ablation in the liquid phase.

Ref. [19].

discovery.
