**Author details**

Regarding germplasm banks with restocking purposes, most are circumstantial. They have been created through research and development (R&D) projects, largely in partnership with electric power companies. These gene banks are maintained while the project is running and later are reduced to a small number of samples (as a collection), especially due to maintenance costs. The genebanks that are intended for restocking, nowadays mostly consist of semen from species that are also farmed. On the other hand, it would need to extend to other species, such as the large Amazon catfishes: *Phractocephalus hemioliopterus; Brachyplathystoma filamentosum* and *B. Flavicans*, and others as *Zungaro jahu, Surubim lima* and *Hemisorubim platyrhynchos*; in addition to the species endangered by numerous factors such as the construction of hydro-

Although, cryopreservation of Brazilian species has been improving in the last years with more publications coming to this field of research and especially with a far advanced analysis on cryodamage, there is still a long way to follow. This is truly mainly in those species where commercial interests and aquaculture benefits can arise or in species where conservation is a main challenge. One of the main objectives to pursue is for sure a more exhaustive analysis of sperm quality, adapting techniques that are already used in other species. This will give guarantees of quality for producers that will set out the best protocols defined. Another point to take in consideration is standardization of procedures and reporting, not only related with cryopreservation protocol, but especially with the analysis performed. This lack in standardization has been already identified in some of the most reported species around the world and over the last years it has been a struggle to joint researchers in following certain rules. Building a database of standardized information for semen analysis would be crucial. What has been discussed throughout this chapter has significant relevance in the compression of events that concern fish semen cryopreservation in Brazil. The advances made in recent years by efforts of research groups are commendable. However, there still a lot to do, and joint efforts through networking activities can be a good opportunity, not only for training young researchers and

The authors would like to thank COST action AQUAGAMETE (FA1205) Food and Agriculture and BAESA/ENERCAN power companies. Special thanks should be given to Dr. Alexandre N. Maria, Dr. Alexandre Ninhaus-Silveira, Dr. Ana Viveiros, Dr. Emiko K. Resende, Dr. Luis D. Murgas, Dr. Ricardo P. Ribeiro, and Dr. Robie Bombardelli for providing information that

electric dams, overfishing, and pollution of the aquatic environment.

**10. Conclusions, perspectives and future challenges**

technicians, but also to find solutions to the main problems.

**Acknowledgements**

66 Cryopreservation in Eukaryotes

significantly contributed to this chapter.

Raycon R.F. Garcia1,2\*, Danilo P. Streit Jr1 , Elsa Cabrita2 and Leandro C. Godoy1

\*Address all correspondence to: raycongarcia@live.com

1 Graduate Program in Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil

2 CCMAR, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
