**Sperm Cryopreservation**

[61] Röllig C, Babatz J, Wagner I, Maiwald A, Schwarze V, Ehninger G, Bornhäuser M. Thawing of cryopreserved mobilized peripheral blood‐comparison between waterbath

[62] Thirumala S, Zvonic S, Floyd E, Gimble JM, Devireddy RV. Effect of various freezing parameters on the immediate post‐thaw membrane integrity of adipose tissue derived adult stem cells. Biotechnology Progress. 2005;21(5):1511–1524. DOI: 10.1021/

[63] Altman SA, Randers L, Rao G. Comparison of Trypan blue dye exclusion and fluoro‐ metric assays for mammalian cell viability determinations. Biotechnology Progress.

[64] Uphoff CC, Drexler HG. Detection of mycoplasma contaminations. Methods in

[65] Grout BW, Morris GJ. Contaminated liquid nitrogen vapor as a risk factor in pathogen transfer. Theriogenology. 2009;71(7):1079–1082. DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.

Molecular Biology. 2013;946:1–13. DOI: 10.1007/978‐1‐62703‐128‐8\_1.

and dry warming device. Cytotherapy. 2002;4(6):551–555.

1993;9(6):671–672. DOI: 10.1021/bp00024a017.

bp050007q.

52 Cryopreservation in Eukaryotes

2008.12.011.

#### **Semen Cryopreservation in Brazilian Freshwater Fish: Advances and Main Challenges Semen Cryopreservation in Brazilian Freshwater Fish: Advances and Main Challenges**

Raycon R.F. Garcia, Danilo P. Streit Jr, Elsa Cabrita and Leandro C. Godoy Raycon R.F. Garcia, Danilo P. Streit Jr, Elsa Cabrita and Leandro C. Godoy

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/65037

#### **Abstract**

Studies on semen cryopreservation in Brazilian freshwater fish have been growing in number of publications and investigated species. Despite this apparent increase in research, standardization of cryoprotocols is still missing, making it clear that the grounds on the quality of cryopreserved semen has not yet reached a level that guarantee satisfactory results for its replication. This chapter aims to make a critical and reflective analysis on the ways cryopreservation of freshwater fish semen has been conducted in Brazil. The difficulties in standardizing protocols, broodstock, and selection of genetically superior animals; the barriers in transferring technology from laboratory benches to the field and make feasible the use of cryopreserved semen on a commercial scale; the formation of germplasm banks and the responsible use of cryopreserved material are also discussed. We have no intention to point out the successes and mistakes that may have been committed in pursuing development of cryopreservation protocols, but a reflection on the future directions considering what should be pondered on this subject with objectivity and scientific consolidation.

**Keywords:** Brazilian freshwater species, sperm cryopreservation, postthaw quality evaluation, cryobanking, aquaculture, fish conservation
