Preface

Chapter 5 **Cryopreservation of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis**

Chapter 7 **The Roles of Antioxidants and Fatty Acids in Sperm**

Chapter 8 **Cryopreservation of Epididymal Sperm 121**

**Section 4 Oocyte and Embryo Cryopreservation 137**

Julia Szeptycki and Yaakov Bentov

**State and Future Perspectives 165**

Chapter 9 **Cryopreservation of Embryos and Gametes: Past, Present,**

Chapter 10 **Cryopreservation of Human Gametes and Embryos: Current**

Chapter 11 **Quality Control Factors Influencing the Successful and Reliable**

Chapter 12 **Cryopreservation of Orchid Genetic Resources by Desiccation: A**

Rung‐Yi Wu, Shao‐Yu Chang, Ting‐Fang Hsieh, Keng‐Chang

**Case Study of Bletilla formosana 201**

Chuang, Ie Ting, Yen‐Hsu Lai and Yu‐Sen Chang

**Implementation of Oocyte and Embryo Vitrification 181**

Jeseta Michal, Zakova Jana, Ventruba Pavel, Bartosz Kempisty and

Chapter 6 **Long‐Term Storing of Frozen Semen at −196°C does not Affect the Post-Thaw Sperm Quality of Bull Semen 91**

Alfredo Ramírez‐Reveco, Jorge Luis Hernández and Pablo Aros

Nurhusien Yimer, Asmatullah Kaka, Rosnina Yusoff and Abdul

Yusuf Bozkurt and İlker Yavaş

**niloticus) Sperm 75**

**VI** Contents

**Cryopreservation 103**

Wahid Haron

Melina A.F. Bertol

**and Future 139**

Mitchel C. Schiewe

**Section 5 Plant Cryopreservation 199**

Crha Igor

Since accidentally discovering the ability of glycerol on protecting cells from freezing damage, many researchers have been pursuing to develop cryopreservation methods of a very wide range of cells and some tissues. Cryopreservation is a useful tool for long-term maintenance of genetic resources of several organisms together with its contribution on conservation of their biodiversity because these methods allow protection of cells, tissues, and organs at ultralow temperatures (usually at –196 °C in liquid nitrogen) for unlimited periods. Cryopreservation especially had a great impact on reproductive medicine and recently on plant science, and it led to the establishment of cryobanks in several countries in the world with the development of well-optimized and widely used protocols. Even cryopreservation techniques represent the safest alternative for long-term preservation, because there is no "universal protocol" for all cells and tissues; conservation studies are still limited with certain species.

*Cryopreservation in Eukaryotes* demonstrates many different ways in which advances in cryo‐ preservation have merged for cells and some tissues, and it totally includes 12 chapters which have been written by the expert researches in the field. All the chapters are a compre‐ hensive collection of the most frequently used cryopreservation techniques in eukaryotes. The book chapters fall into mainly five sections. Section I ("Parasite Cryopreservation") in‐ cluding one chapter describes the trypanosoma preservation. Section II ("Cell and Tissue Cryopreservation") with two chapters describes recent developments to cryopreserve mes‐ enchymal stromal cells and cartilage. Section III ("Sperm Cryopreservation") with five chap‐ ters describes different approaches on cryopreservation of fish and mammal sperms. Section IV ("Oocyte and Embryo Cryopreservation") including three chapters describes an over‐ view of the current state. Finally, Section V ("Plant Cryopreservation") including one chap‐ ter describes recent developments in cryopreservation of orchid germplasm. Some chapters give basic principles of cryopreservation and popular techniques used, while the others combine the literature reviews and case studies.

With this book, every researcher will better understand the principles, background, and current status of cryopreservation in particular organisms. We would like to thank all the authors for their distinguished contributions, InTech Publishing Company, and its Publishing Process Manager Ms. Maja Bozicevic for her great patience during the preparation of this book.

#### **Prof. Francisco Marco-Jiménez**

Universitat Politècnica de Valencia Institute for Animal Science and Technology Valencia, Spain

**Dr. Hülya Akdemir** Gebze Technical University Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Kocaeli, Turkey

#### **References**

[1] Gonzalez-Arnao MT, Martinez-Mantero ME, Cruz-Cruz CA, Engelmann F. 2014. Advan‐ ces in cryogenic techniques for the long-term preservation of plant biodiversity. In: Biotech‐ nology and Biodiversity, Sustainable Development and Biodiversity 4 (Eds. MR Ahuja, KG Ramawat), Springer International Publishing, Switzerland, pp. 129-170.

[2] Pegg DE. 2002. The History and Principles of Cryopreservation. Seminars in Reproduc‐ tive Medicine, 20(1):5-13.

[3] Reed BM. 2008. Plant Cryopreservation: A Practical Guide, Reed BM (Ed.) Springer Sci‐ ence and Business Media LLC, New York.

[4] Sarasan V, Cripps R, Ramsay MM, Atherton C, McMichen M, Prendergast G, Rowntree JK. 2006. Conservation in vitro of threatened plants-Progress in the past decade. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant, 42:206–214.
