**Author details**

There was no significant difference among the amount of phosphate in drained water of lysimeters irrigated with wastewater, effluent, and mixture of freshwater and effluent. However, there were significant differences between the amount of phosphate in drained water of freshwater treatments and the other treatments. According to the findings, we can say that the amount of phosphate output from lysimeters was dependent on the growth of crop and

**The effect of sampling time**: The findings showed that sampling time had no significant effect on the amount of transferred phosphate; however, in the middle of growing season, the amount

Once the discharge of drainage water from underground drains to surface water and groundwater is considered, the amount of phosphate phosphor should not be more than the determined standards. In our research, in the worst situations, the amount of phosphate in lysimeters drained water did not exceed 0.11 mg l−1, which was lower than the standard level

Inappropriate management practices in the use of wastewater in phosphorus deteriorate surface and ground water quality, mainly by causing nitrate pollution. The HYDRUS-1D model was calibrated and then validated with different datasets from a lysimeter experiment, and then used to simulate phosphorus leaching through soil under different irrigation treatment (wastewater, effluent, mixture of freshwater and effluent, and freshwater) on three types of soil (sandy loam, loam, and clay loam) to explore and develop better and safer wastewater

Phosphate transferred to the depths was insignificant and it was between 1.6 and 6% of inflow phosphate, which was lower than the maximum standard value of phosphate discharge to

Soil and plant systems showed high potential in filtration and removal of nitrate and phosphate, so that the concentration of nitrate and phosphate in drained treatments in all cases was lower than the limit of discharge to surface water and groundwater. It can be confirmed that through proper management and research, in addition to maintaining surface water and groundwater, the effluent, as an available and cheap source, can be used in agricultural irrigation. As there was no significant difference on nitrate leaching between treatments mixture of freshwater and effluent, and freshwater, this demonstrates that it can dilute wastewater as a suitable management strategy for reducing the leaching of impurities in the wastewater and also reduce the effects of probable hazards on soil properties. Simulation study on the process of nitrate leaching to root zone during growing season showed more matches the needs of the plant. Thus, at the time of minimum plant nutrient requirement, we can take suitable management solution such as wastewater dilution to lower leaching of

type of soil compared to type of irrigation water.

188 Soil Contamination - Current Consequences and Further Solutions

[10].

**4. Conclusion**

land application strategies.

surface and groundwater.

elements to root zone.

of transferred phosphate to the depth was at the maximum level.

Ali Erfani Agah1,2\*, Patrick Meire1 and Eric de Deckere1

\*Address all correspondence to: Ali.Erfaniagah@student.uantwerpen.be; Ali.Erfani68@gmail.com

1 Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium

2 Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
