**4.5. Preexisiting cardiac abnormalities**

These account for 13.5–33.3% of the causes associated with IE in HD patients, and include the presence of valve prostheses, previous valvular heart disease, heart transplantation, pericarditis, myocarditis, and intracardiac devices.

The incidence of cardiac device infective endocarditis (CDIE) has been reported between 0.06 and 0.6% per year or 1.14 per 1000 device-years [15, 16, 21].
