**Public Health Aspect of Manure Management in Urban and Peri-Urban Livestock Farming in Developing Countries Provisional chapterPublic Health Aspect of Manure Management in Urban and Peri-Urban Livestock Farming in Developing Countries**

Athumani Msalale Lupindu Athumani Msalale Lupindu

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/65346

#### **Abstract**

Urban and peri-urban livestock farming has been expanding in recent decades due to high demand for animal proteins to feed the growing urban population. The increase in number of livestock and livestock keepers has led to increased manure production in a shrinking space. This chapter evaluates the risks of transmission of manure-borne pathogen between cattle, humans and the environment in urban and peri-urban areas. Cattle and manure management practices, government directives, the presence of zoonotic pathogens and risk of bacteria transmission were assessed by observations, interviews, bacteria isolation and characterization and statistical modeling. Cattle are kept under intensive and extensive systems. Different techniques are used to collect, convey, store and dispose manure, all of which lead to direct contact with humans. The prevalence of diarrheagenic *Escherichia coli* in cattle and water was 2.2% (95% CI: 0.99– 3.67) and 0.5% (95% CI: 0.025–2.44), respectively. There was transmission of bacteria between cattle, humans and the environment in 52% of clusters. Cattle and manure management practices expose humans, livestock and the environment to risk of infection or contamination. Holistic approach can be adopted in this scenario to attain one health status and improve urban and peri-urban livestock contribution to community livelihood simultaneously.

**Keywords:** manure management, peri-urban, pathogen transmission, system thinking, one health
