**Coastal Tsunami Warning with Deployed HF Radar Systems Coastal Tsunami Warning with Deployed HF Radar Systems**

Belinda Lipa, Donald Barrick and James Isaacson Belinda Lipa, Donald Barrick and James Isaacson

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/63960

### **Abstract**

[3] Goto C, Sato K: Development of tsunami numerical simulation system for Sanriku coast in Japan. Report of the Port and Harbour Research Institute. 1993;32(2):3–44 (in

[4] Takahashi T: Application of numerical simulation to tsunami disaster prevention. Journal of Japan Society of Computational Fluid Dynamics. 2004;12(2):23–32 (in

[5] The Central Disaster Prevention Council. Special Investigation Council concerning Tounankai and Nankai Earthquakes (in Japanese) http://www.bousai.go.jp/kaigirep/ chuobou/senmon/tounankai\_nankaijishin/index\_nankai.html [Accessed:03-06-2016]

[6] Ulutas E: The 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku-Oki Earthquake and tsunami: influence of the source characteristics on the maximum tsunami heights. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Engineering Lessons Learned from the 2011

[7] Imamura F, Yalciner AC, Ozyurt G. Tsunami modelling manual. 2006. http:// www.tsunami.civil.tohoku.ac.jp/hokusai3/J/projects/manual-ver-3.1.pdf [Accessed:

[8] Kanayama H, Ohtsuka K: Finite element analysis on the tidal current and COD distribution in Mikawa Bay. Coastal Engineering in Japan. 1978;21:157–171.

[9] Kanayama H, Dan H: A tsunami simulation of Hakata Bay using the viscous shallowwater equations. Japan Journal of Industrial and Applied Mathematics. 2013;30(3):605–

[10] Bresch D. Shallow-water equations and related topics. In: Dafermos C, Pokorny M, editors. Handbook of Differential Equations: Evolutionary Equations. 5: 2009. pp. 1–

[11] Kanayama H, Ushijima T: On the viscous shallow-water equations I – derivation and conservation laws. Memoirs of Numerical Mathematics. 1981/1982;8/9:39–64.

[12] Tabata T: A finite element approximation corresponding to the upwind finite differ-

[13] Kanayama H, Ushijima T: On the viscous shallow-water equations II – a linearized system. Bulletin of University of Electro-Communications. 1988;1(2):347–355.

[14] Kanayama H, Ushijima T: On the viscous shallow-water equations III – a finite element scheme. Bulletin of University of Electro-Communications. 1989;2(1):47–62.

[15] Fujii Y, Satake K, Sakai S, Shinohara M, Kanazawa T: Tsunami source of the 2011 off the pacific coast of Tohoku earthquake. Earth Planets Space. 2011;63:815–820.

Great East Japan Earthquake. 2012. pp. 602–611.

104. Elsevier doi:10.1016/S1874-5717(08)00208-9

encing. Memoirs of Numerical Mathematics. 1977;4:47–63.

Japanese)

72 Tsunami

Japanese)

27-03-2012]

624.

We describe the evolution of coastal HF radar observations of tsunamis, first proposed in 1979 and developed after the 2004 Indonesia and 2011 Japan tsunamis to allow routine monitoring to detect an approaching tsunami. Oceanographic tsunami theory is summarized, both for the fundamental equations of motion and in the ray optics and Green's Law approximations; the latter can be applied when water depths are slowly varying. Observations of the current velocities caused by the 2011 Japan tsunami off the Japanese, the US West, and Chilean coasts are described and examples are shown. These observations led to the development of an empirical tsunami detection method, which is outlined. Examples of offline tsunami detections are given and detection times are compared with arrival times at neighboring tide gauges. We describe the observation and offline detection of the June 2013 meteotsunami off the New Jersey coast using coastal radar systems and tide gauges. Methods to model and simulate tsunami velocities are described and videos of the resulting velocity/height maps are given. We describe preliminary methods for evaluating the suitability of radar sites for tsunami detection using simulated tsunami velocities. Factors affecting tsunami detectability are discussed and methods are described for the alleviation of false alarms.

**Keywords:** tsunami detection, tsunami velocity/height simulation, remote sensing, ra‐ dar oceanography
