**7.6. Research**

to convey cyclone early warning to those communities was personal notification, that is, sending local emergency responders; mostly Armed Forces and Security Agency officials on boats and vehicles to inform and support for evacuation to the vulnerable communities. It took hours and in some cases days in comparison to extremely quick actions and reactions required

Therefore, PMD's SoPs alone are not enough to get prepare for a potential threat of local tsunami impacts in Pakistan. The urgent need of developing a well‐coordinated time‐based SoPs for all stakeholders involved in tsunami warning and evacuation chain is extremely important along with enhancing capacities for technological solutions to quickly rely infor‐ mation to the last mile. This would not be the last but the first step toward mitigation and preparedness as there are still many administrative issues to deal with and to tackle the situation, for example, effective land use managements, expanding data base and information related to the prevailing hazards and vulnerabilities regarding communities and areas under threat of future tsunami. Optimum utilization of available high tech communication networks with armed forces and security agencies, that is, to bring those in the chain of early warning dissemination can reduce burden on limited resources of the nation. Above all, the need of preparing communities to observe natural warning and train them for self‐evacuation and

emergency response is the most urgent and important line of action at the moment.

The following recommendations can help strengthen the early warning dissemination system

**•** Considering quick response, better reliability and long life the most preferred system in Phirt Creek, Tippun Creek, Khobar Creek, Bhori Creek, Misri Jatt Village, Haji Yousuf Goth,

**•** In case of budgetary constraints, the second preferred solutions to these communities is the use of Radio as warning dissemination and notification system in combination with Personal notification system parallel to this system through capacity building measures taken in

**•** For villages in Sirki and Sonth, the best preferred solution is satellite‐activated mass notification system. As a second option satellite phones are recommended as mass notifi‐

It has been observed that communities tend to settle on remote islands along the coastal belt and due to lack of development in these areas, limited sources of communication exist, which makes communities more vulnerable to coastal hazards. It is recommended that authorities

and Goth Ramzan Sheikh is a wireless operated mass notification system.

for a local tsunami that might happen like 1945 event.

**7. Recommendations**

160 Tsunami

for coastal hazards in Pakistan.

**7.1. Technological solutions**

target communities.

**7.2. Land use management**

cation system.

There is a need for research to investigate the vulnerable areas and analyze the extent of damage based on extrapolation of historically available data. For example, it would be important to highlight the potential increase in Karachi's vulnerability to a tsunami similar to that of 1945, based on the increase in population and infrastructure.
