**Author details**

early warning system cost. A feasibility study needs to be conducted with great precision

The current tsunami preparedness policy, which is oriented toward warning and evacuation, needs to be revised worldwide. Coastal cities, ports and marine constructions at tsunami risk are growing and becoming more and more vulnerable to a tsunami impact. Today, we cannot ignore an increasing risk of cessation of sea-port operation, oil platform destruction or coastal devastation. The safe and stable function of sea ports, coastal oil or gas tanks, cold storage, fisheries and other facilities becomes more significant for the economic development of coastal communities. Economic risk management is an important goal, which has to be solved for coastal urban and industrial areas at tsunami risk. Therefore, it is important to engage in dayto-day efforts to improve public awareness, preparedness and regional cooperation to deal

In some areas, such as Japan's coast, the tsunami knowledge is high but other areas such as Indian Ocean region in particular Makran region is less advanced, and even some of the most important earthquake source parameters are less understood and require collection and analysis of more seismological and seismotectonic data. In this regard, it is important to note that in the recent years some progress is underway in the Makran region, for example, acquisition of some deep active seismic profiling using both explosion and air gun as seismic sources aimed at better understanding of the crustal structural elements and model to be used

In recent years, tsunami early warning systems are being established in the region. One of the essential parts of an effective warning system is the tsunami (earthquake) detection. It is important to consider how modern technology and lessons learned from past tsunamis worldwide can be combined to create safer coastal communities with tsunami aware popula‐

For people living in coastal areas, protection awareness and education are other important elements in everyday lives, and through the professional responsibilities, understanding the disaster risk also increases the effectiveness of early warning system and policy implementa‐

In this respect, the current tsunami preparedness policy, which is oriented toward warning and evacuation, needs to be revised worldwide. Coastal cities, ports and marine installations at tsunami risk are growing and becoming more and more vulnerable to a tsunami impact. Today, we cannot ignore an increasing risk of termination of sea-port operation, oil platform destruction or coastal devastation. The safe and stable function of sea ports, coastal oil or gas tanks, cold storage, fisheries and other facilities becomes more significant for the economic development of coastal communities. Economic risk management is an important goal, which has to be solved for coastal urban and industrial areas at tsunami risk. Therefore, it is important

taking into account also the public education and their awareness to full response.

with marine natural disasters.

**4. Discussion and conclusions**

on tsunami hazard assessments.

tions.

8 Tsunami

tion.

Mohammad Mokhtari

Address all correspondence to: mokhtari@iiees.ac.ir

International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Tehran, Iran
