**5.3. Area terrain in context with good line of sight**

In case of natural hazards like tsunami, loss of lives can be reduced by using an effective timely manner information dissemination and notification method, with least human involvement. This objective can only be achieved if the maximum of hardware used in information dissem‐ ination and notification purposes are activated and operated remotely. Generally, radio wireless links located within good line of sight to such systems are used for such purposes. HF/VHF networks presently in use of security agencies are available near most of the villages, that is, six out of ten communities. Few systems where such radio links are not available for information dissemination purposes are activated through satellite links.

#### **5.4. Power source**

Almost all mass notification systems rely on electricity; however, mostly, they do not depend on the main power system. Generally, solar panels are used, which have high prices and significantly raise the overall cost of warning notifications system.

As information about pilot communities shows that all villages lack this facility; hence, solar panels (unavailable in Khobar and Bhori Creek only) can be used to these communities as power source.

Regular electricity network is unavailable in ether of the 10 villages, but they use solar energy (very small panels) and battery operated torches.

#### **5.5. Information dissemination from PCG network**

Cyclone and tsunami warnings issued by PMD are conveyed to PCG headquarters located at Karachi, which further goes downstream through PCG's internal networks (**Figure 16**).

Challenges and Opportunities for Reducing Losses to Fast-Arriving Tsunamis in Remote Villages Along the Coast of Pakistan http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/64897 157

**Figure 16.** Information flow of coastal hazards early warning from PMD to PCG posts and community.

The cost and reliability of information dissemination from coast guard posts to community is generally affected by following three factors:


can be used in all 10 surveyed villages; however, none of the community member is presently

The information about total occupying area is also related to determine the loudness of an alert, and hence, the number of effective mass notification units required to a particular area. The loudness of sound from all types of siren is subject to diminishing ten decibels at every

Since the occupying area information shows that area of each pilot community lies within 0.1– 3 sq.km range, single mass notification unit (for each community) with sound intensity of 120– 130 dbs can give enough loud sound to cover the whole area for example similar to INMARSAT

In case of natural hazards like tsunami, loss of lives can be reduced by using an effective timely manner information dissemination and notification method, with least human involvement. This objective can only be achieved if the maximum of hardware used in information dissem‐ ination and notification purposes are activated and operated remotely. Generally, radio wireless links located within good line of sight to such systems are used for such purposes. HF/VHF networks presently in use of security agencies are available near most of the villages, that is, six out of ten communities. Few systems where such radio links are not available for

Almost all mass notification systems rely on electricity; however, mostly, they do not depend on the main power system. Generally, solar panels are used, which have high prices and

As information about pilot communities shows that all villages lack this facility; hence, solar panels (unavailable in Khobar and Bhori Creek only) can be used to these communities as

Regular electricity network is unavailable in ether of the 10 villages, but they use solar energy

Cyclone and tsunami warnings issued by PMD are conveyed to PCG headquarters located at Karachi, which further goes downstream through PCG's internal networks (**Figure 16**).

using this communication mode because of its very high cost.

doubling of distance between the siren and point of measurement.

information dissemination purposes are activated through satellite links.

significantly raise the overall cost of warning notifications system.

(very small panels) and battery operated torches.

**5.5. Information dissemination from PCG network**

System currently installed in Gwadar and Pasni cities.

**5.3. Area terrain in context with good line of sight**

**5.2. Loudness**

156 Tsunami

**5.4. Power source**

power source.
