*2.2.5. Mud volcano (example from Makran)*

Mud volcanoes are known from onshore, where erupted water often is methane saturated. These are the result of progressive compression and dewatering of the deep undercompacted, overpressured sequences (at decollement). The world's most notorious mud volcano, Indo‐ nesia's Lusi, destroyed a town in 2006.

Offshore Makran (Northwest Indian Ocean), numerous mud volcanoes have been mapped. There is a direct relationship between mud volcanoes and transform faults. Not all mud intrusions reach the seabed (**Figure 2**). In places, there is clear evidence of mud intrusions in the shallow part of the sedimentary sequence. The mobilized overpressured sequences have clearly used the fault zones as conduits to reach low-pressure areas and the surface.

**Figure 2.** Seismic expression of mud volcanoes in the Makran subduction zone area, Oman Sea (belong to National Iranian Oil Company).

The offshore mud volcanoes, as the onshore once, have limited lifetime, and eroded tops have been observed.

On 24 September, a shallow 7.7 magnitude earthquake occurred in Pakistan. At least 300 people died and thousands of houses collapsed in Balochistan Province. The earthquake was felt as far as Oman and India. The earthquake appeared to be a strike slip event. An amazing effect of the earthquake—in roughly 40- km distance— is that a new island appeared few hundred meters off of Gwadar offshore. The island is about 18–21 meters high, up to 91 meters wide and up to 37 meters long [16].
