**5. Conclusion**

**4. Results**

2020 Modeling and Simulation for Electric Vehicle Applications

and evaluated.

**Table 3.** Range results for all simulations.

After each simulation, the range was recorded, and the battery current and energy were monitored via DataWindow. All data from the DataWindow can be exported as separate files

**Battery power [kW] State of charge [%] Range [km]**

In order to see how these results were obtained, the energy consumption has to be monitored:

**•** Energy consumption for all SOC with the 25.5‐kW battery (**Figure 32**);

**•** Energy consumption for 30% SOC with all batteries (**Figure 33**).

**Figure 32.** Energy consumption for all SOC with the 25.5‐kW battery.

The results regarding the range are presented in **Table 3**, and as a graph in **Figure 31**.

Case 1 85 100 403.63 Case 2 85 60 245.31 Case 3 85 30 122.42 Case 4 51 100 270.9 Case 5 51 60 165.15 Case 6 51 30 82.84 Case 7 25,5 100 145.39 Case 8 25,5 60 89.33 Case 9 25,5 30 44.47

IPG CarMaker is a powerful simulation tool that can estimate, due to its complexity and number of input factors, output values very close to reality; just as in Case 1, where the maximum range of the Tesla Model S is 403.63 km, close to the specifications of the producer [7].

It can be seen in the simulations that the range of the vehicle increases with the state of charge of the battery; when the power of the battery is decreased, the range decreases because of the lower power, but also increases due to the lower weight of the vehicle; overall, the range decreases.

When analysing **Figure 33**, the energy of the batteries has similar slopes for the 85 and 51 kW batteries, but the slope for the smallest battery, 25.5 kW is more abrupt, decreasing fast in comparison to the others.

The answer to the initial question—what is the correct number of batteries that a vehicle must equip in order to have a bigger range—is as many as possible, limited by the final price of the vehicle, even though the tendencies in the batteries domain are to reduce the weight as much as possible and store as much energy as possible.

IPG CarMaker is a SIL (simulation in the loop) software that takes into account all reactions from the road and from the transmission and adapts the driver behaviour.

By connecting it to a real engine testbed or powertrain testbed, the IPG CarMaker can be transformed into a HIL (hardware‐in‐the‐loop) simulation, where the behaviour of the real engine is controlled by the virtual driver, on the virtual road, from the virtual vehicle and the response of the load is controlled by adjusting the dynamometer load.
