**1. Introduction**

The world is presently facing many energy problems. Fossil fuels have been the main domi‐ nant energy source for both the transportation sector and power generation industry even if this energy source produces greenhouse gases (GHGs) which have a negative impact on climate

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change [1]. With fossil fuel prices increasing and its negative environmental impact, oil is becoming less of a long-term energy solution, and more renewable sources of energy are being sought.Windandphotovoltaicsolararerenewableenergy(RE)sourcesthatarerapidlyreplacing conventional power sources. On the other hand, electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming more and more popular due to the fewer emission and low oil dependency.

The electrical vehicle is a zero emission vehicle because it does not produce the pollution associated with internal combustion engines (ICEs). However, the charging through fossilfuelled electrical generation still makes an environment impact since most electricity is generated by burning fossil fuels. But comparing with cars operated by gas power, cars operated by batteries are cleaner because they produce less carbon emissions. Moreover, battery-powered motors cost less to operate. The other advantage of EVs is safety and efficiency. EVs use the advance technology to maintain the vehicle adequately and to keep the right supplies on hand in case of emergencies. EVs offer benefits to the transportation sector and the electric power system. They help strengthen the economy, are more environmentally friendly, and can reduce strain on the petroleum industry by using renewable generation, especially photovoltaic solar and wind, which is an important part of the transition to cleaner sources of power. EVs are the best option for greener and economic driving [2].

An electric vehicle (EV) is considered an electrical drive vehicle which uses one or more electrical motors or traction motor for propulsion. An EV is powered through a collector system by electricity from a self-contained battery or generator to convert fuel to electricity. These are termed battery electric vehicles (BEVs), or if powered with an off vehicle source, termed plugin hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) [3].

The battery electric vehicle is one type of electrical vehicle that uses chemical energy stored in rechargeable battery packs. There are three major parts in the typical architecture of BEVS: electric motor, rechargeable battery, and controller. The electric motor uses a rechargeable battery as an energy source to generate propulsion. The controller manages the power supplied to the electric motor. Another important part of a BEV is the inverter, which is for converting the electricity stored in the battery (DC) power to alternating current (AC) power [3]. The Nissan Leaf is a battery electric vehicle which relies on the grid to recharge its battery. Its battery packs can be charged from fully discharged to 80% capacity in about 30 minutes using DC fast charging. It does not produce pollution or GHGs, and also helps to reduce dependence on petroleum [4].

The plug-in hybrid electric vehicle is a hybrid electrical vehicle that can use rechargeable batteries or another energy storage device. They are usually equipped with both an electric motor and an additional internal combustion engine for propulsion. PHEVs can be driven in two modes: charge depleting (CD) and charge sustaining (CS). PHEVs produce energy from on-board battery packs when they operate in CD mode, and they switch to CS mode and utilize the ICE system for further propulsion if the charge of the battery has been depleted to a predetermined level. There are three categories of plug-in hybrid vehicle: parallel hybrid, series hybrid, and power-split hybrid. The parallel hybrid is the most commonly adopted. They use both electric motor and an engine to power the driven wheels in a car [3]. The Toyota Prius is a hybrid car with an internal combustion engine. Its large on-board battery recharges while the gasoline-fuelled ICE is running. It is fully self-sufficient and does not rely on the grid. It can use its large on-board battery for 34–40 miles before the on-board gasoline generator kicks in. It is fully capable of making long trips, but can also go short distance powered entirely by the battery without any gasoline [5].
