**Author details**

Monocytes and macrophages are capable of producing a large variety of growth factors, metalloproteinases, chemokines, and vasoactive substances such as nitric oxide; all can

Angiogenesis is characterized by capillary sprouting, endothelial cell migration, proliferation,

Arteriogenesis is a positive remodeling of preexisting collateral channels in the limb, as the

During chronic inflammation, macrophages/monocells are polarized in the antimicrobial form (M1), or in the regenerative form (M2). The implantation of concentrated PBMNCs in this

The autologous transplantation of PBMNCs can be considered a valid and safe treatment

In the theater, under sedation and local anesthesia of the patient, 120 mL of peripheral venous blood was drawn and added to 12 mL of ACD‐A (anticoagulant by apheresis). This was then processed by the WB Pall Celeris system to obtain 12 mL of concentrated PBMNCs (**Figure 4**). The concentrated PBMNCs were transferred to a 1 mL Luer‐Lock syringe to allow a precise

**Figure 4.** Mononuclear cells preparation procedure: 120 mL of peripheral venous are processed by the WB Pall Celeris system to obtain 12 mL of concentrated PBMNCs, and the posterior tibial axis is traced and the injection performed.

product of endothelial factors, as well as of infiltrating macrophages [15, 32–34].

facilitate angiogenesis and arteriogenesis [30–34].

162 Wound Healing - New insights into Ancient Challenges

option for patients with critical wounds [30–34].

control during injection (**Figure 4**).

*3.2.1. Procedure*

and luminogenesis to generate new capillaries [14, 32–34].

condition can address M1 to M2 promoting the regenerative form.

Michele R Colonna\* , Lupo Flavia, Delia Gabriele and Stagno d'Alcontres Francesco

\*Address all correspondence to: mrcolonna1@gmail.com

Department of Human Pathology and the Child's and Adolescent's Diseases, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
