**8.2. Aroeira (***Schinus terebinthifoliu***) oil**

The aroeira tree (*Schinus terebinthifolius* Raddi.) belongs to the family Anacardiaceae and it is popularly known as Brazilian pepper, Florida Holly, rose pepper and Christmas berry. It is used to treat wounds and ulcers of skin and mucous membranes, against infections of the respiratory system, digestive system, genito‐urinary tract, hemoptysis and metrorrhagia [222]. The essential oil of *S. terebinthifoliu* is obtained by hydro‐distillation of crushed fresh leaves. Aroeira oil is reported to accelerate the healing process of wounds by significantly (*p* < 0.01) increasing contraction of oil‐treated wounds in rats [223].

### **8.3. Virgin coconut oil**

*Cocos nucifera* L. (Arecaceae), commonly known as coconut, is a palm, which thrives within the tropical zone. Its fresh kernel is consumed by people all over the world. Oil of *C. nucifera* which is extracted from the dried inner flesh of coconut [224] predominantly contains medium chain triglycerides, with 86.5% saturated fatty acids, 5.8% monounsaturated fatty acids, and 1.8% polyunsaturated fatty acids. Virgin coconut oil is also known to have antibacterial and antifungal properties [225, 226]. Excised wounds treated with virgin coconut oil healed much faster, as indicated by a decreased time of complete epithelization and increased in pepsin‐ soluble collagen, as well as an increase in fibroblast proliferation and neovascularization [227]. Also in burn wounds, there was improvement in wound contraction and decreased period of epithelialization when treated with coconut oil [224].

### **8.4.** *Vitis vinifera* **(grape) oil**

Oil extracted from the seeds of grapes *Vitis vinifera* (Family Vitaceae) has been found to exhibit wound healing activity. In the excision wound model, grape oil‐treated animals had increased wound area contraction and hydroxyproline content. Also histological analysis of the grape oil‐treated wound tissue showed increased well organized collagen band [228].

### **8.5.** *Vaccinium macrocarpon* **(cranberry) oil**

*Vaccinium macrocarpon* (family Ericaceae) is an evergreen creeping shrub native to North America [229]. Excision wounds on animals treated with cranberry oil showed faster rates of wound area contraction with higher hydroxyproline content. The cranberry oil‐treated wound tissue had well organized bands of collagen [228].

### **8.6.** *Melaleuca alternifolia* **(Tea tree) oil**

The essential oil derived from steam distillation of the leaves and terminal branches of *Melaleuca alternifolia* (family Myrtaceae) commonly known as tea tree [230], is composed of a mixture of monoterpenes, 1‐terpinen‐4‐ol, cineole and other hydrocarbons. Tea tree oil possesses antimicrobial, anti‐inflammatory and analgesic properties [231]. Tea tree oil has been reported to aid in healing of bacterial infected wounds, including diabetic wounds, character‐ ized by reduced healing time, rapid reduction in inflammation, pain and wound odor [232, 233].

### **8.7.** *Vitellaria paradoxa* **(Shea tree) oil**

*Vitellaria paradoxa* (family Sapotaceae) commonly known as shea butter is an indigenous species of Sub‐Saharan African [234]. The nuts and seeds are a very rich source of fats and oils, from which shea butter is derived. Shea butter is known to accelerate healing after circumcision [235]. The healing effect of shea butter may be attributed to the presence of allantoin, since it is a substance known to stimulate the growth of healthy tissues in ulcerous wounds [236].

### **8.8. Virgin fatty oil of** *Pistacia lentiscus*

*Pistacia lentiscus* L. (Anacardiaceae) is a dioecious sclerophyllous evergreen species widely distributed along the Mediterranean basin. The essential oil of *P. lentiscus* obtained by hydro‐ distillation of leaves, fruits or trunk exudates called mastic gum [229] contains 73% unsaturated fatty acids (oleic and linoleic) and 25.8% saturated fatty acids (palmitic and stearic) and has been proven to exhibit antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiatherogenic activities [237, 238]. The virgin fatty oil of *P. lentiscus* exhibited wound healing property in burn wound model in rabbits. *P. lentiscus* oil treated wounds showed higher wound contraction and faster time of healing as compared to the untreated wounds. *P. lentiscus* virgin fatty oil promoted significantly (*p* < 0.05) wound contraction and reduces epithelization period in rabbit model [239].
