**10. Conclusion**

The past several decades have seen an explosion of information on the molecular biology of gliomas and immune environment of cancer. There have been a proliferation of trials involv‐ ing novel signal transduction inhibitors, neoangiogenic, and immune modulatory targets. Novel methods of delivery of therapeutic molecules and genes have been developed, including a novel device to deliver nonionizing energy to inhibit mitosis. Imaging criteria have been developed to better assess response to therapy and aid the clinician and researcher in evaluating the tumor response to these diverse therapeutic modalities. New genetic testing has been developed in order to predict prognosis and will soon be incorporated into clinical trials as Neurooncology moves toward the goal of more personalized cancer therapy.
