**4.7. Determination of bite and tooth marks**

Human teeth may leave characteristic prints on the human body or objects. These prints are referred to as bite marks when associated with only the skin and bite injuries when the bite perforates the skin and passes through to the subcutaneous tissues. Tooth prints on foods, wood, plastic or metal objects are referred to as tooth marks [56]. In general, a human bite mark comprises a 2–5 cm oval or circular mark, which is shaped as two opposing concave arcs with or without associated ecchymosis [57]. One method for the determination and recording of bite marks and tooth marks is IR photography. In the photography of non-visible light images, IR and/or UV photography techniques may be utilized. When using these techniques, bruises that are no longer visible to the naked eye may be detected [56–58].
