*3.4.1.4. Smart surveillance systems*

cameras have a more complex structure. In these cameras, the colors used in the camera structure are pseudo-coloring, which demonstrate changes in the incoming signals [6].

IR cameras with uncooled detectors were implemented after 1990. In the following years, the prices of IR cameras steadily decreased, and their usage was widespread as the parallel of the rapidly developing technology [26]. IR imaging is an important technique used in forensic science, especially crime scene investigations. The use of these techniques in forensic science is described in detail in the section under "Usage of IR-Based Technologies in Forensic

Several techniques based on IR radiation have been used in security sectors. Examples of these

Personal identification systems have been used to identify individuals in situations that require security in the entrance of the building or building parts. The most important component of the palm vein authentication systems, facial recognition systems, iris scanning systems, smart surveillance systems, IR finger imaging systems and palm print recognition systems comprises IR cameras [27, 28]. These techniques are important tools for crime prevention, as well as the

The heat pattern of the human body may easily be determined by IRT. The heat pattern of veins in the human hand is specific to each individual. Thus, the structure of the hand veins may be determined, and private ciphers may be created [28, 29]. Sarkar et al reported that "the red blood cells (hemoglobin) present in the veins absorb the rays and show up on the map as black lines, whereas the remaining hand structure shows up as white" [29]. Some companies have begun to use palm vein authentication systems in automatic teller machines (ATMs) worldwide. These systems have also been used in the entrance into a country from the airport,

Facial recognition systems consist of three modules, including image acquisition, face recog‐ nition and face matching. In this system, visible light, IR light and thermal cameras are used

The iris is in a position to be seen at first glance and is easily defined in the IR cameras and visible-light cameras. Therefore, the iris may be easily used in automatic recognition systems.

to obtain a three-dimensional image and improve the image resolution [29].

**3.4. Usage of IR-based technologies in security sector**

*3.4.1. Personal identification by IR-based technologies*

as well as the entrances of several security buildings.

arrest of criminals in forensic sciences.

*3.4.1.1. Palm vein authentication systems*

*3.4.1.2. Facial recognition systems*

*3.4.1.3. Iris scanning systems*

Sciences".

techniques are as follows.

102 Forensic Analysis - From Death to Justice

Smart surveillance was defined as the use of automatic video analysis technologies in video surveillance applications. To date, digital video surveillance systems are one of the most widely used types of systems. The tasks are to capture, store and distribute a video. The task of threat detection has been the duty of human operators [30].

However, Prokokski reported that "IR identification smart surveillance systems will provide the ability to automatically survey an area in the dark, find each face within the scanned area, and match it against a Watch List of visible images". Smart surveillance systems will provide important advantages for the security of society. They may be used to monitor criminal suspects and high-density crime areas, control the parole or access of high crime-prone offenders to restricted areas and check for terrorists on watch lists when they enter airports, custom areas or courts [27].
