**Author details**

conduction and to the surroundings by radiation and convection. As steel is a good thermal conductor, the heat loss occurs mainly through conduction to the solid metal. Therefore, the liquid metal adjacent to the solid and liquid interface solidifies first and the solidus line moves outward toward the electrode and weld-pool surfaces. The solidification completes at *t* = 2600 ms in the electrode and at *t* = 2440 ms in the weld pool. **Figure 14** shows the final shape of the weld bead including the weld penetration, which is similar to the reported experimental results

A comprehensive model has been presented to simulate the transport phenomena in a gas metal arc-welding process, including the arc plasma evolution, the melting of the electrode

[7, 8, 43].

96 Joining Technologies

**Figure 14.** The solidified weld-bead shape.

**5. Conclusions**

Junling Hu1\*, Zhenghua Rao2 and Hai-Lung Tsai3


3 Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA
