**6. Conclusion**

Advanced ceramics are key materials and are widely used in the electronics, fuel cell, sensor, insulator and Bioengineering fields. The joining of ceramics to metal is necessary and un‐ avoidable in the miniature manufacturing field. Ceramic-metal joining processes and their resulting interfaces have been extensively studied over the years. New developments in the field have granted structural ceramics new horizons in applications involving adverse conditions and reliable materials. However, there still remain several unknown problems. Further experimental evidences could allow a more detailed understanding of the joining mechanism. A small size component (up to approximately 15 mm in diameter) can be joined by using a soft metal or a laminated interlayer for limited kinds of ceramics. How to join large size one with a metal is, however, still one of serious problems because the size dependence of residual stress is so severe. Since most of structural components will be used at elevated temperatures, the examinations on high temperature properties such as strength, oxidation, thermal expansion and thermal stress are required.

### **Author details**

Uday M.B.1\*, Ahmad-Fauzi M.N.2 , Alias Mohd Noor1 and Srithar Rajoo1

\*Address all correspondence to: ummb2008@gmail.com

1 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UTM Centre For Low Carbon Transport In Cooperation With Imperial College London, Institute For Vehicle Systems and Engineering, University of Technology Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia

2 School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia

### **References**

technology developed in the Laser Institute of Mittelsachsen (Germany). The investigations of alumina laser welding with a purity of 97% showed that in general the technology is suitable. Furthermore, it enables them to carry out the procedure without furnaces and in a natural atmosphere within only a few minutes. It was established, that the high quality of laser welding joints are achievable. Homogeneous structure and lead to no loss of power also, loss of tangible property is not known. The technology permits joining up to a thickness of 3.5 mm. Through using particular preheating it is conceivable to settle the material by metals. The shortest distance from the joining area is more than 25 mm. Implementation of the technology develops the application of ceramic dramatically. All the outstanding advantages of the laser material

processing are useful: touchlessness, flexibility , precision and high velocity [104].

Advanced ceramics are key materials and are widely used in the electronics, fuel cell, sensor, insulator and Bioengineering fields. The joining of ceramics to metal is necessary and un‐ avoidable in the miniature manufacturing field. Ceramic-metal joining processes and their resulting interfaces have been extensively studied over the years. New developments in the field have granted structural ceramics new horizons in applications involving adverse conditions and reliable materials. However, there still remain several unknown problems. Further experimental evidences could allow a more detailed understanding of the joining mechanism. A small size component (up to approximately 15 mm in diameter) can be joined by using a soft metal or a laminated interlayer for limited kinds of ceramics. How to join large size one with a metal is, however, still one of serious problems because the size dependence of residual stress is so severe. Since most of structural components will be used at elevated temperatures, the examinations on high temperature properties such as strength, oxidation,

, Alias Mohd Noor1

1 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UTM Centre For Low Carbon Transport In Cooperation With Imperial College London, Institute For Vehicle Systems and Engineering, University of

2 School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti

and Srithar Rajoo1

**6. Conclusion**

186 Joining Technologies

**Author details**

Uday M.B.1\*, Ahmad-Fauzi M.N.2

Technology Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia

Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia

thermal expansion and thermal stress are required.

\*Address all correspondence to: ummb2008@gmail.com


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**Chapter 9**

**Diffusion Bonding: Influence of Process Parameters and**

Diffusion welding is a solid joining technique allowing for full cross-section welding. There is no heat-affected zone, but the whole part is subjected to a heat treatment. By diffusion of atoms across the bonding planes, a monolithic compound is generated.

The process takes place in a vacuum or inert gas atmosphere at about 80% of the melting temperature and is run batch-wisely. Hence, it is rarely used despite its advantages to

The quality of a diffusion-welded joint is determined by the three main parameters bonding temperature, time, and bearing pressure. The difficulty tailoring the process is

Several additional factors may influence the result or may change the material, e.g. surface roughness and passivation layers, all kinds of lattice defects, polymorphic behaviour, and formation of precipitations at grain boundaries, design of the parts to be welded and its aspect ratio as well as mechanical issues of the welding equipment.

In this chapter, an overview about the experience of diffusion welding is given.

**Keywords:** diffusion welding, diffusion bonding, lattice defects, grain growth, precip‐

and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,

achieve holohedral joints and is widespread in the aerospace sector only.

that they are interconnected in a strong nonlinear way.

Hence, experiments are necessary for almost each special part.

Influences are discussed in detail and conclusions are derived.

itation, sensitization, passivation layer

**Material Microstructure**

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/64312

**Abstract**

Thomas Gietzelt, Volker Toth and Andreas Huell

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter
