**Acknowledgements**

*4.2.2. Infiltration using wells and boreholes*

22 Groundwater - Contaminant and Resource Management

*4.2.3. Water spreading*

Water can be infiltrated by injection using wells or boreholes in the areas where low-permea‐ bility strata overlies target aquifers as in the parts of watershed containing medium- to finetextured soils over calcareous material (**Figure 2**). This technique is suitable for deep-seated aquifers that form a source of groundwater for urban areas lying in the valley plains of the watershed. The water-injecting wells have advantage that recharge water can bypass thick impervious layers to be introduced to the most permeable portions of the aquifer [40].

Water is diverted from surface water runoff into infiltration basins, ditches, or low-lying areas where the aquifer to be recharged is at or near to the ground surface as in the areas with flat to gentle topography. The water-spreading method could be practiced in medium- to coarsetextured soils in the gently sloping southeastern and some central parts of the watershed (shown in **Figure 2**). The exposed rocks of limestone and sandstone in the vicinity of the urban

areas also provide potential recharge environment for subsurface water (**Figure 16**).

**Figure 16.** Joints and openings in the rocks facilitate recharge to the subsurface water.

The authors gratefully acknowledge the Australian Department of Education, Employment, and Workplace Relations (DEEWR) for providing post-selection support services and funding the research under the Executive Endeavour Award 2010. The Water and Power Sanitation Authority (WASA), Asian Development Bank (ADB), Osmani & Company (Pvt) Ltd, Depart‐ ment of Earth Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University (QAU), and College of Earth and Environ‐ mental Sciences, Punjab University, are acknowledged for providing access to reliable data. Dr. Alan Fryar and Terencen Hamilton from the University of Kentucky, USA, are gratefully acknowledged to review and edit the manuscript.
