**Appraisal of Groundwater Flow Simulation in the Sub-Himalayan Watershed of Pakistan**

Zulfiqar Ahmad, Arshad Ashraf and Mohsin Hafeez

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http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/63324

#### **Abstract**

Numerical modeling of an aquifer is increasingly used as a power tool for monitoring and management of groundwater. This paper focuses on conceptualizing hydrogeo‐ logical condition and establishing numerical simulation model using Visual MOD‐ FLOW to simulate the continuous depletion of groundwater in the southwestern part of the Soan watershed in Pakistan. An integrated groundwater modeling and manage‐ ment approach was adopted to provide suitable alternatives for water management in different hydro-environments. Geospatial techniques were employed for spatial database development, integration with a remote sensing (RS), and numerical groundwater flow modeling capabilities to simulate groundwater flow behavior. The calibration results indicated a reasonable agreement between the calculated and observed heads. The calibrated heads were used as initial conditions in the transientstate modeling. The modeling approach facilitated in identifying potential groundwa‐ ter regime besides providing artificial recharge options for sustainable groundwater development.

**Keywords:** groundwater flow modeling, aquifer recharge, MODFLOW, geoinformat‐ ics, Himalayan watershed
