**5. Long-span bridges**

Long-span bridges are governed by congested conditions, with no allowances for dynamic effects, due to the slow speed of the vehicles involved in critical loading events. Traditionally, long-span bridge loading has been based on the simulation of queues of vehicles [5–11, 27, 63, 64]. As outlined in Section 2.4, traffic microsimulation is a powerful tool to simulate more realistic congested scenarios for long-span bridge loading.
